Boginja

Boginja je žensko božanstvo.^[1] Mnoge kulture ima boginje. Boginju uglavnom imaju politeisti, jer monoteisti vjeruju u jednog Boga, iako sve više hrišćana smatra da Bog ne mora uvijek biti muškog roda, pa zamjenicom Ona nazivaju Boga.^[2] Od indoevropskih religija najviše boginja imala je nordijska mitologija. Česti simbol boginja je krug, kojem s lijeve i desne strane stoji po jedan polumjesec.

U nekim verama, sveta ženska figura zauzima centralno mesto u verskoj molitvi i bogosluženju. Na primer, šaktizam, obožavanje ženske sile koja animira svet, jedna je od tri glavne sekte hinduizma.

Politeističke religije, uključujući politeističke rekonstrukcioniste, poštuju više boginja i bogova i obično ih posmatraju kao diskretna, odvojena bića. Ova božanstva mogu biti deo panteona, ili različiti regioni mogu imati božanstva čuvara.

Religije уреди

Hinduizam уреди

Hindu boginja Sarasvati.

Hinduizam je religija koja ima nekoliko bogova i boginja, a od sviju božanstava najvažniji je Brahma, stvoritelj svijeta, a žena mu je Sarasvati. Shaktas je je majka sviju boginja. Šiva ima ženu Parvati. U hinduizmu postoji 180 imena nekoliko boginja. U hinduizmu ima i dvospolnih bogova kao što su Lakšmi-Višnu, Šiva-Šakti, Radha-Krišna i drugi. Jedan bog je muški bog (Šaktiman) i ženska energija (Šakti), koji radi s dinamičnom ženskom energijom.

Sikhizam уреди

Sikhi su monoteisti i vjeruju u Boga. Glavni im je vođa Guru Granth Sahib, koji se punim imenom zove Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Skulpture sikhizma govore o Bogu kao Ocu i Majci.

Grčkorimska mitologija уреди

Cerera, rimska boginja agrikulture.

Perzefona, kraljica podzemnog svijeta,
Demetra, boginja ratarsta, Zemlje i plodnosti,
Afrodita, boginja ljubavi i ljepote,
Artemida, boginja lova i šuma,
Atena, boginja rata, zanatstva i zaštitnica grada Atene,
Kibela, "majka Zemlja",
Hera, boginja braka, Zeusova žena,
Nika, boginja trijumfa i pobjede,
Potria Theron,
Selena, boginja Mjeseca, ali i njegova personifikacija.

Keltska mitologija уреди

Agrona, boginja rata,
Brigid,
Matrona, "majka boginja",
Morrígan, boginja bitki i plodnosti,
Sulis.

Nordijska mitologija уреди

Freyja, boginja ljubavi i ljepote,
Frigg, vrhovna boginja Asa,
Fulla,
Gná,
Gullveig, misteriozna boginja,
Hel, boginja podzemlja,
Hlín,
Nanna,
Nerthus,
Norne, suđenice nordijske mitologije,
Nótt, boginja koja je personifikacija noći,
Sol.

Egipatska mitologija уреди

Egipatska boginja Neith.

Mut, kćer boga Sunca, Amonova žena,
Izida, boginja majka,
Hathor, boginja koja može preuzeti lik krave, najljepša boginja,
Neftis, boginja grobnica,
Nut, boginja neba i zvijezda,
Tawaret, boginja trudnoće i majčinstva,
Meskhenet, boginja rađanja, zaštitnica male djece.

Monoteističke religije уреди

Monoteistička kultura nema boginja te se za Boga smatra da spada u muški rod, ali gramatički ne može se utvrditi kojeg je Bog roda, no većina monoteista Boga zove i Ocem i sličnim imenima. Hrišćani Bogorodicu Mariju smatraju da je nešto kao boginja. Njen sin je Bog u utjelovljenju čovjeka. U islamu Marija je smatrana djevicom, ali je ne smatraju kao božicu ili kraljicu (nisu joj propisane božanske osobine) i ne vjeruju da je njen sin Isus, Sin Božji, pa je to u islamu najveći grijeh.

Feminizam уреди

Rimski, hadrijanski period, statua Izide od mermera iz Kapitolskog muzeja

Pokret boginje уреди

Barem od prvog talasa feminizma u Sjedinjenim Državama, postoji interesovanje za analizu religije da bi se videlo da li i kako doktrine i prakse tretiraju žene nepravedno, kao u Ženskoj Bibliji Elizabet Kejdi Stenton. Ponovo u drugom talasu feminizma u SAD, kao i u mnogim evropskim i drugim zemljama, religija je postala fokus nekih feminističkih analiza u judaizmu, hrišćanstvu i drugim religijama, a neke žene su se okrenule religijama drevnih boginja kao alternativi abrahamskim religijama (Womanspirit Rising 1979; Weaving the Visions 1989). Danas žene i muškarci nastavljaju sa aktivnostima u pokretu Boginje (Hrist 1997). Popularnost organizacija kao što je Družina Izide svedoči o stalnom rastu religije Boginje širom sveta.

Dok je veliki deo pokušaja rodne ravnopravnosti u matičnom hrišćanstvu (judaizam nikada nije priznavao bilo koji rod za Boga) usmeren na reinterpretaciju Svetog pisma i derodifikaciju jezika koji se koristi za imenovanje i opisivanje božanskog,^[3] postoji sve veći broj ljudi koji se identifikuju kao hrišćani ili jevreji, koji pokušavaju da integrišu slike boginje u svoje religije.^[4]

Sveto žensko уреди

Termin „sveto žensko” prvi put je skovan 1970-ih, u popularizaciji Nju ejdža hindu šaktija.^[5]^[6]^[7] Hinduizam takođe obožava mnoštvo boginja koje imaju svoju važnu ulogu, i stoga su zainteresovale Nju ejdž, feminističke i lezbejske feminističke pokrete.^[8]

Vidi još уреди

Boginja majka

Reference уреди

^ Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Religions (Rev. изд.). New York: Facts on File. стр. 181. ISBN 978-1438110387. Text: goddesses Female deities.
^ Grupa autora, Oxford, enciklopedija za mlade, Zagreb, 2008., ISBN 978-953-274-036-3
^ Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991
^ Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"
^ Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005). Sacred Sanskrit Words. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.
^ Feuerstein, Georg (2000). The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
^ Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003). Shakti: Multidisciplinary perspectives on women's empowerment in India. New Delhi, IN: Rawat. ISBN 81-7033-793-3.
^ Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (1st изд.). Berkeley: University of California Press. стр. 1. ISBN 9780520908833. Приступљено 22. 4. 2016. „goddess.”

Literatura уреди

Dexter, Miriam Robbins, and Victor Mair (2010). Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia. Cambria Press.
Barnhart, Robert K (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7
Gorshunova . Olga V.(2008), Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora…, ( Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, n° 1, pp. 71–82. ISSN 0869-5415.
Taheri, Sadreddin (2014). Goddesses in Iranian Culture and Mythology. Tehran: Roshangaran va Motale’at-e Zanan Publications. ISBN 9789641940821.
Assmann, Jan, 'Monotheism and Polytheism' in: Sarah Iles Johnston (ed.), Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide, Harvard University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-674-01517-7. стр. 17–31..
Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical, Blackwell (1985), ISBN 0-631-15624-0.
Greer, John Michael; A World Full of Gods: An Inquiry Into Polytheism, ADF Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-9765681-0-1
Iles Johnston, Sarah; Ancient Religions, Belknap Press (September 15, 2007), ISBN 0-674-02548-2
Paper, Jordan; The Deities are Many: A Polytheistic Theology, State University of New York Press (March 3, 2005), ISBN 978-0-7914-6387-1
Penchansky, David, Twilight of the Gods: Polytheism in the Hebrew Bible (2005), ISBN 0-664-22885-2.
Swarup, Ram, & Frawley, David (2001). The word as revelation: Names of gods. New Delhi: Voice of India. ISBN 978-8185990682
Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11). „The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism”. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa (на језику: енглески). 2 (2): 15. ISSN 2415-2005. doi:10.4102/td.v2i2.277  .
Schmidt, Francis (1987). The Inconceivable Polytheism: Studies in Religious Historiography. New York: Gordon & Breach Science Publishers. стр. 10. ISBN 978-3718603671.
Galtsin, Dmitry (2018-06-21). „Modern Pagan religious conversion revisited”. digilib.phil.muni.cz. Приступљено 2019-02-05.
Hoff, Kraemer, Christine (2012). Seeking the mystery : an introduction to Pagan theologies. Englewood, CO: Patheos Press. ISBN 9781939221186. OCLC 855412257.
Negedu, I. A. (2014-01-01). „The Igala traditional religious belief system: Between monotheism and polytheism”. OGIRISI: A New Journal of African Studies (на језику: енглески). 10 (1): 116—129. ISSN 1597-474X. doi:10.4314/og.v10i1.7  .
„Greek mythology”. Encyclopedia Americana. 13. 1993. стр. 431.
„Dodekatheon” [Twelve Olympians]. Papyrus Larousse Britannica (на језику: грчки). 2007.
„Apollodorus, Library, book 3, chapter 5, section 3”.
„Pausanias, Description of Greece”.
George Edward Rines, ур. (1919). Encyclopedia Americana Vol. 13. 13. Americana Corp. стр. 408—411.
Stoll, Heinrich Wilhelm (R.B. Paul trans.) (1852). Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks. Francis and John Rivington. стр. 8. „The limitation [of the number of Olympians] to twelve seems to have been a comparatively modern idea”
Ford, David F., ур. (1997). The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian theology in the twentieth century (2nd изд.). Malden, MA: B. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19592-4.
Grenz, Stanley J.; Olson, Roger E. (1997). 20th-Century Theology: God & the World in a Transitional Age. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1525-8.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford (август 2011). Women and Redemption: A Theological History (2nd изд.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-9816-4.
Anderson, Pamela Sue. A Feminist Philosophy of Religion: The Rationality and Myths of Religious Belief (Oxford; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1998) ISBN 978-0-631-19383-8.
Anderson, Pamela Sue; Clack, Beverley (eds.) Feminist Philosophy of Religion: Critical Readings (London: Routledge, 2004) ISBN 978-0-415-25749-7.
Kassian, Mary A. The Feminist Gospel: the Movement to Unite Feminism with the Church. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1992. ISBN 0-89107-652-2
Stone, Merlin, compiler. Ancient Mirrors of Womanhood: a Treasury of Goddess and Heroine Lore from around the World. Updated with a new pref. Boston: Beacon Press, 1990. N.B.: Edition statement appears on the paperback book's cover, but not upon the t.p. or its verso. ISBN 0-8070-6751-2
Stone, Merlin. When God Was a Woman. San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich Publishers, cop. 1976. ISBN 0-15-696158-X.
Saiving, Valerie (1960). „The Human Situation: A Feminine View”. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 28 (1): 75—78. JSTOR 10.2979/jfemistudreli.28.1.75. S2CID 145533099. doi:10.2979/jfemistudreli.28.1.75.
Moder, Ally (2019-09-01). „Women, Personhood, and the Male God: A Feminist Critique of Patriarchal Concepts of God in View of Domestic Abuse”. Feminist Theology (на језику: енглески). 28 (1): 85—103. ISSN 0966-7350. S2CID 201410294. doi:10.1177/0966735019859471  .
„per Carol P Christ biography for Signs Out of Time Project”. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 09. 2015. г. Приступљено 04. 06. 2022.
„Goddess Tours Greece-Sacred Sites Tour-Goddess Pilgrimage Crete”. Goddess Tours Greece-Sacred Sites Tour-Goddess Pilgrimage Crete. Приступљено 22. 5. 2017.
Lewis, James R. (1992). Perspectives on the New Age. SUNY Press. стр. 16—18. ISBN 978-0-7914-1213-8.
Harley, Gail M.; Danny L. Jorgensen (2002). Emma Curtis Hopkins: Forgotten Founder of New Thought. Syracuse University Press. стр. 79. ISBN 978-0-8156-2933-7.
Bednarowski, Mary Farrell (1999). The Religious Imagination of American Women . Indiana University Press. стр. 81. ISBN 978-0-253-21338-9.
Bailey, Douglass. (2005). Prehistoric Figurines: Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic. Routledge Publishers. ISBN 0-415-33152-8
Bolen, Jean Shinoda, Goddesses in Everywoman: A New Psychology of Women, 1984
Bolen, Jean Shinoda, Goddesses in Older Women: Archetypes in Women over Fifty, 2001
Budapest, Zsuzsanna, The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries, Susan B. Anthony Coven No. 1 ISBN 0-914-72867-9
Christ, Carol P., She Who Changes, Palgrave MacMillan, 2003.
Christ, Carol P., "Why Women Need The Goddess", in Womanspirit Rising, Harper & Row, 1979, p. 273.
Cohen, Daniel, "Iphigenia: A Retelling", in Christ, 1997, p. 179.
Daly, Mary, Beyond God The Father, Beacon Press, 1978.
Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology, Beacon Press, 1978.
Dexter, Miriam Robbins, Whence the Goddesses, Pergamon Press,1990.
Dexter, Miriam Robbins, "Earth Goddess" In Mallory, J.P. and Douglas Q. Adams, eds., The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997: 174.
Fisher, Elizabeth, "Rise Up and Call Her Name" curriculum, Rise Up and Call Her Name – An Earth-Based Spirituality Journey
Goddess Alive UK print publication with online presence.
Goddess Pages Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (14. јун 2023) UK online publication.
Henning, Jan and Cohen, Daniel, Hawk and Bard Reborn: Revisions of Old Tales, Wood and Water, 1988.
Hodder, Ian, "Catalhoyuk", Scientific American, January 2004.
Long, Asphodel P., In A Chariot Drawn By Lions, Crossing Press, 1993.
Long, Asphodel P., "The One or the Many--The Great Goddess Revisited," presented at the Feminist Theology Annual Conference, Dublin, Ireland, July 1996.
MatriFocus A cross-quarterly web magazine for and by Goddess women, 2001-2009 archived at Home Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (6. јун 2023).
Monaghan, Patricia. "Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines" (2010) Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.
Monaghan, Patricia, The Goddess Path, Llewellyn Worldwide, 1999.
Sylvia Brinton Perera, Descent to the Goddess (Toronto 1982).
Ramprasad Sen (1720–1781) Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair : Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess. (ISBN 0-934252-94-7)
Ranck, Shirley Ann, Cakes for the Queen of Heaven, Delphi Press, 1995.
Ranck, Shirley Ann, Cakes for the Queen of Heaven curriculum, UU Women and Religion, 2007-8, Cakes for the Queen of Heaven.
SageWoman U.S.print magazine with online presence
Sjoo, Monica and Mor, Barbara The Great Cosmic Mother : Rediscovering the Religion of the Earth, Harper and Row, 1987.
The Beltane Papers U.S.print magazine with online presence
Spencer, Aida Besançon, Donna Hailson, Catheirne Clark Kroeger, "The Goddess Revival: A Biblical Response to God(dess) Spirituality", The House of Prisca and Aquila Series (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 1995). ISBN 978-1-60899-921-7

Spoljašnje veze уреди

[1] Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Religions (Rev. изд.). New York: Facts on File. стр. 181. ISBN 978-1438110387. Text: goddesses Female deities.

[2] Grupa autora, Oxford, enciklopedija za mlade, Zagreb, 2008., ISBN 978-953-274-036-3

[3] Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991

[4] Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"

[5] Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005). Sacred Sanskrit Words. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.

[6] Feuerstein, Georg (2000). The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.

[7] Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003). Shakti: Multidisciplinary perspectives on women's empowerment in India. New Delhi, IN: Rawat. ISBN 81-7033-793-3.

[8] Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (1st изд.). Berkeley: University of California Press. стр. 1. ISBN 9780520908833. Приступљено 22. 4. 2016. „goddess.”

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]