Amazonija

Amazonija (port. Floresta Amazônica ili Amazônia) je veliko šumsko prostranstvo (prašuma) na severu Južne Amerike. Ime je dobilo po reci Amazon. Zauzima oko 5,5 miliona kvadratnih kilometara površine. Nalazi se na teritoriji devet država: Brazil (60% prašume), Kolumbija, Peru, Venecuela, Ekvador, Bolivija, Gvajana, Surinam i Francuska Gvajana. Geolozi smatraju da su Andi, prilikom sudara geoloških ploča, zaokružili sve vode Južne Amerike. Erozijom istočne obale one su potekle ka Atlantskom okeanu, stvorivši Amazoniji, tzv. pluća današnjeg čovečanstva. Šuma Amazonije je 2019. godine doživela veliku seču stabala te je to prouzrokovalo i najveće požare još od 2013. godine.

Amazonska prašuma port. Floresta amazônica šp. Selva amazónica
Amazonska prašuma na reci Urubu
Mapa
Mapa Amazonskog prašumskog bioregiona ocrtano od strane WWF-a belom bojom i Amazonski sliv plavom bojom.
Geografija
Lokacija	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana (France), Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela
Koordinate	3° S 60° W
Oblast	5.500.000 km2 (2.100.000 sq mi)

Većina šuma se nalazi u Brazilu, sa 60% prašume, čemu sledi Peru sa 13%, Kolumbija sa 10%, a sa manjim površinama su Bolivija, Ekvador, Francuska Gvajana, Gvajana, Surinam i Venecuela. Četiri nacije imaju „Amazonas“ kao ime jedne od svojih administrativnih regija prvog nivoa, a Francuska koristi naziv „Gvajanski amazonski park“ za svoje zaštićeno područje od kišnih šuma. Amazon predstavlja više od polovine preostalih prašuma na planeti, i obuhvata najveći i najraznovrsniji predeo tropskih prašuma na svetu, sa procenjenih 390 milijardi pojedinačnih stabala podeljenih u 16.000 vrsta.

Više od 30 miliona ljudi iz 350 različitih etničkih grupa živi u Amazoniji, koja je podeljena na 9 različitih nacionalnih političkih sistema i 3,344 formalno priznatih autohtonih teritorija. Autohtoni narodi čine 9% ukupnog stanovništva, a 60 grupa ostaje uglavnom izolovano.

Vidi još

• Atlanska šuma
• Bandejrants
• Krčenje šuma amazonske prašume
• Uticaj proizvodnje mesa na životnu sredinu
• Zaštita šuma
• Autohtoni narodi u Brazilu
• Rezervat Tapič

Organizacije

• Udruženje za očuvanje Amazona
• Tim za očuvanje Amazona (ACT)
• Amazonska straža
• Koordinator autohtonih organizacija sliva reke Amazon (COICA)
• Prašumska akciona mreža
• Prašumska alijansa
• Fond prašumske zadužbine
• Organizacija očuvanja amazonske prašume (STARO)

Galerija

• 
  Hoacin
• 
  Mygalomorphae
• 
  Drekavac
• 
  Heliconia
• 
  Smeđogrli troprsti lenjivac
• 
  Carski tamarin
• 
  Plava otrovna streličasta žaba
• 
  Južnoamerički jaguar
• 
  Ćelavi uakari
• 
  Paraponera clavata mravi imaju izuzetno bolan ubod
• 
  Papagaji na glini u nacionalnom parku Jasuni, Ekvador

Literatura

• Bunker, S.G. (1985). Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State. University of Illinois Press.
• Cleary, David (2000). „Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Pre-history to the Nineteenth Century”. Latin American Research Review. 36 (2): 64—96. PMID 18524060. 
• Dean, Warren (1976). Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920. Stanford University Press.
• Dean, Warren (1997). Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History. Cambridge University Press.
• Hecht, Susanna and Alexander Cockburn (1990). The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon. New York: Harper Perennial.
• Hochstetler, K. and M. Keck (2007). Greening Brazil: Environmental Activism in State and Society. Duke University Press.
• Revkin, A. (1990). The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rain Forest. Houghton Mifflin.
• Wade, Lizzie (2015). „Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places”. Science News. doi:10.1126/science.aaa7864 . 
• Weinstein, Barbara (1983). The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920. Stanford University Press.
• Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002). „The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions” (PDF). Conservation Ecology. 6 (2): 9. doi:10.5751/ES-00458-060209. hdl:10535/2768 . 
• Deforestation. World Geography. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill/Glencoe, 2000. 202–204
• Farthing, Linda C.; Kohl, Benjamin H. (2014). Evo's Bolivia: Continuity and Change. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75868-1. 
• Harten, Sven (2011). The Rise of Evo Morales and the MAS. London and New York: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84813-523-9. 
• Hensel, Silke. "Was There an Age of Revolution in Latin America?: New Literature on Latin American Independence." Latin American Research Review (2003) 38#3 pp. 237–249. online
• Muñoz-Pogossian, Betilde (2008). Electoral Rules and the Transformation of Bolivian Politics: The Rise of Evo Morales. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60819-1. 
• Philip, George; Panizza, Francisco (2011). The Triumph of Politics: The Return of the Left in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4749-4. 
• Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002). „The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions” (PDF). Conservation Ecology. 6 (2): 9. doi:10.5751/ES-00458-060209. hdl:10535/2768 . 
• Sivak, Martín (2010). Evo Morales: The Extraordinary Rise of the First Indigenous President of Bolivia. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62305-7. 
• Uribe, Victor M. (1997). „The Enigma of Latin American Independence: Analyses of the Last Ten Years”. Latin American Research Review. 32 (1): 236—255. JSTOR 2504056. S2CID 252750906. doi:10.1017/S0023879100037766. 
• Wade, Lizzie (2015). „Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places”. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaa7864. 
• Webber, Jeffrey R. (2011). From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia: Class Struggle, Indigenous Liberation, and the Politics of Evo Morales. Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-106-6. 
• Marshall, Larry G.. 1988. Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange. American Scientist 76. 380–388. Accessed 2016-08-26.
• Daza, Blanca Ysabel. 2013. Historia del proceso de mestizaje alimentario entre Colombia y España – History of the integration process of foods between Colombia and Spain (PhD), 1–494. Universitat de Barcelona.
• Francis, John Michael. 1993. "Muchas hipas, no minas" The Muiscas, a merchant society: Spanish misconceptions and demographic change (M.A.), 1–118. University of Alberta.
• Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. 2016. Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI – The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century. Museo del Oro. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• García, Jorge Luis. 2012. The Foods and crops of the Muisca: a dietary reconstruction of the intermediate chiefdoms of Bogotá (Bacatá) and Tunja (Hunza), Colombia (M.A.), 1–201. University of Central Florida. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Groot de Mahecha, Ana María. 2014 (2008). Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá, 1537–1640, 1–174. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Kruschek, Michael H.. 2003. The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom: A household view (PhD), 1–271. University of Pittsburgh. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Ocampo López, Javier. 2007. Grandes culturas indígenas de América – Great indigenous cultures of the Americas, 1–238. Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A..
• Harvey, Robert. 2000. Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830. John Murray, London.
• Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Parra, Felipe de la; Caballero-Rodríguez, Dayenari; Herrera, Fabiany; Wing, Scott; Turner, Benjamin L.; D’Apolito, Carlos; Romero-Báez, Millerlandy; Narváez, Paula; Martínez, Camila; Gutierrez, Mauricio; Labandeira, Conrad; Bayona, German; Rueda, Milton; Paez-Reyes, Manuel; Cárdenas, Dairon; Duque, Álvaro; Crowley, James L.; Santos, Carlos; Silvestro, Daniele (2. 4. 2021). „Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests”. Science (na jeziku: engleski). 372 (6537): 63—68. Bibcode:2021Sci...372...63C. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33795451. S2CID 232484243. doi:10.1126/science.abf1969. Pristupljeno 9. 5. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Dillehay, Tom D.; Ocampo, Carlos (18. 11. 2015). „New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile”. PLOS One. 10 (11): e0141923. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1041923D. PMC 4651426 . PMID 26580202. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141923 . CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Roosevelt, A.C.; da Costa, M. Lima; Machado, C. Lopes; Michab, M.; Mercier, N.; Valladas, H.; Feathers, J.; Barnett, W.; da Silveira, M. Imazio; Henderson, A.; Sliva, J.; Chernoff, B.; Reese, D.S.; Holman, J.A.; Toth, N.; Schick, K. (19. 4. 1996). „Paleoindian Cave Dwellers in the Amazon: The Peopling of the Americas”. Science. 272 (5260): 373—384. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..373R. S2CID 129231783. doi:10.1126/science.272.5260.373. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Spoljašnje veze

• Journey into Amazonia
• The Amazon: The World's Largest Rainforest
• WWF in the Amazon rainforest
• Amazonia.org.br Good daily updated Amazon information database on the web, held by Friends of The Earth – Brazilian Amazon.
• amazonia.org Sustainable Development in the Extractive Reserve of the Baixo Rio Branco – Rio Jauaperi – Brazilian Amazon.
• Amazon Rainforest News Original news updates on the Amazon.
• Amazon-Rainforest.org Information about the Amazon rainforest, its people, places of interest, and how everyone can help.
• Conference: Climate change and the fate of the Amazon. Podcasts of talks given at Oriel College, University of Oxford, 20–22 March 2007.
• Dead humpback whale calf in the Amazon