Apologetika
Apologetika je grana teologije čiji je predmet odbrana hrišćanskog učenja.[1][2][3] Nauka o tome kako treba braniti veru, naročito hrišćansko učenje. Ranohrišćanski apologeti su branili svoju veru od kritičara, i preporučivali je Helenima. Ceo pokret „apologetike“ u drugom veku predstavlja prvi pokušaj simbioze helenskog duha s hrišćanstvom.[4]
Etimologija uredi
Termin apologetika potiče od starogrčke reči apologia (ἀπολογία).[1] U klasičnom grčkom pravnom sistemu, tužilaštvo bi iznelo kategoriju (κατηγορία), optužbu ili osudu, a okrivljeni je odgovorio sa apologia, odbranom.[5] To je bio formalni govor ili objašnjenje za odgovor i pobijanje optužbi. Čuveni primer je Sokratova Apologija odbrane, kako je zapisana u Platonovoj Apologiji.
Na koinskom grčkom jeziku Novog zaveta, apostol Pavle koristi termin apologija u svom probnom govoru Festu i Agripi kada kaže „Branim se“ u Delima 26:2.[6] Srodni oblik se pojavljuje u Pavlovoj Poslanici Filipljanima dok on „brani jevanđelje“ u Filipljanima 1:7,[7] i u „davanju odgovora“ u 1. Petru 3:15.[8]
Apologetske pozicije uredi
Bahaizam uredi
Mnoge apologetske knjige su napisane u odbranu istorije ili učenja bahaizma. Osnivači religije su napisali nekoliko knjiga u kojima su predstavljeni dokazi o njihovoj religiji; među njima su Babovih Sedam dokaza i Bahaulov Kitab-i-Igan.[9] Kasniji bahajski autori pisali su prominentne apologetske tekstove, poput Mirza Abul-Fadlovog Sjajnog dokaza i rada Udo Šaefera et al. Pravljenje krive prave.[10]
Budizam uredi
Jedan od najranijih budističkih apologetskih tekstova je Pitanja kralja Milinda, koji se bavi budističkom metafizikom kao što je priroda pojedinca „bez sebe“ i karakteristike kao što su mudrost, percepcija, volja, osećanje, svest i duša. U meidži eri (1868-1912), susreti budista i hrišćana u Japanu kao rezultat sve većeg kontakta između Japana i drugih nacija mogli su da podstaknu formiranje japanskog novog budizma,[11] uključujući apologetski Šin Bukio (新仏教) časopis.[12] U novije vreme, A. L. De Silva, australijski preobraćenik u budizam, napisao je knjigu Izvan verovanja, u kojoj je dao budističke apologetske odgovore i kritiku hrišćanske fundamentalističke doktrine.[13] Gunapala Darmasiri je napisao apologetsku kritiku hrišćanskog koncepta Boga iz teravadanske budističke perspektive.[14]
Hrišćanstvo uredi
Hrišćanska apologetika kombinuje hrišćansku teologiju, prirodnu teologiju[15] i filozofiju kako bi predstavila racionalnu osnovu za hrišćansku veru, da bi branila veru od prigovora i pogrešnog predstavljanja, i da je hrišćanska doktrina jedini pogled na svet koji je besprekoran i konzistentan sa svim fundamentalnim znanjem i pitanjima.
Hrišćanska apologetika je tokom vekova poprimila mnoge oblike. U Rimskom carstvu hrišćani su bili žestoko proganjani i protiv njih su podignute mnoge optužbe. J. Dejvid Kasel[16] daje nekoliko primera: Tacit je napisao da je Neron izmislio optužbe da su hrišćani započeli paljenje Rima.[17] Druge optužbe su uključivale kanibalizam (zbog doslovnog tumačenja Evharistije) i incest (zbog prakse ranih hrišćana da se jedni drugima obraćaju sa „brate“ i „sestro“). Apostol Pavle, Justin Filozof, Irinej Lionski i drugi često su branili hrišćanstvo od optužbi koje su podizane da opravdaju progon.[18]
Apologetika kroz hrišćanstvo uredi
S obzirom na svoj specijalan zadatak i cilj, apologetika se služi specijalnim metodom, čime se i izdvaja od drugih bogoslovskih naučnih disciplina kao potpuno samostalna nauka. Grčka reč απολογία (apologija) nastao je od grčkog glagola άπολογέομαι, koji je prvobitno značio: odreći se ili otkazati, a kasnije - odgovoriti, braniti se, opravdati se, a u Svetom Pismu Novog Zaveta, na više mesta nalaze se obe reči (1 Pet 3,15; Flm 1,7) i uvek u značenju: braniti, odbrana.
Prema tom etimološkom tumačenju, apologetika je bogoslovska nauka koja brani nauku ο Bogu i božanskim stvarima od napada njenih neprijatelja. No, ovom definicijom još nije ni približno dat ceo pojam ove nauke, jer njen cilj nije samo u tome da brani Hrišćanstvo pred negacijom, nego i da pozitivno utvrdi istinitost Hrišćanstva, u ovom slučaju, izvorni i nepovređeni oblik Hrišćanstva - Pravoslavlje. S tog stanovišta, apologetiku možemo ovako definisati: Apologetika je bogoslovska nauka koja u strogo naučnom sistemu izlaže principe Hrišćanstva, dokazujući da je ona Bogom otkrivena i da se u hrišćanskoj Pravoslavnoj Crkvi, kao Bogom otkrivenoj zajednici, neizmenjeno očuvala. Apologetika se razlikuje od apologije. Apologija je konkretan odgovor na neku napadnutu hrišćansku dogmu, i to je njen jedini zadatak. Svakako da apologija predstavlja primenu apologetike u konkretnom slučaju, i kao takva, ona je konkretizacija i realizacija apologetike u praksi.[19]
Podela uredi
Hrišćanska apologetika deli se na tri dela:
- demonstratio religiosa - brani se vrednost religije i nužnost da svaki čovek veruje
- demonstratio christiana - bavi se spasenjskom vrednošću hrršćanstva, odnosno superiornost u odnosu na druge religije.
- demonstratio catholica - koja je usmerena prema nekatoliima
Poznati apologeti su Sveti Pavle, Sveti Justin Mučenik, Sveti Irenej Lionski, Hipolit Rimski, Đuro Bašić, Ivan Poljaković, Matija Pavić i drugi.[20]
Knjiga o apologetici uredi
Ova knjiga je posvećena apologetici, odnosno odbrani hrišćanskog učenja, hrišćanske vere i Crkve od napada koji su u poslednjoj deceniji postali neobično uporni, čak i razjareni. Hrišćanstvo se danas nalazi pod pravom opsadom. Oni koji nisu izgubili veru u Hrista Spasitelja i koji traže istinu i hoće da žive po istini, moraju zbog istine poznavati i razumeti hrišćansko učenje a još više moraju umeti da odbrane svoju veru od napada, optužbn i neopravdane kritike. Onaj koji veruje da je učenje i delo Hristovo istina, nema razloga da se boji tih napada. U Prvoj poslanici (glava 3, stih 15), apostol Petar kaže da svagda s krotkošću i nadom moramo biti spremni da damo odgovor svakome ko od nas traži razlog naše nade. Tome je posvećena ova knjiga.[21]
Plan knjige je ovakav: U prvom delu, posle uvoda, iznosimo učenju o svetu kroz paralelno izlaganje savremene nauke i hrišćanskog veroučenja. Drugi deo je posvećen "hrnšćanstvu u svetlu istorije"; napokon, poslednji, treći deo razmatra pitanja o Crkvi.
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ a b „ἀπολογία”. Blue Letter Bible-Lexicon. Pristupljeno 19. 9. 2016.
- ^ „Apologetics”. The Advent. Pristupljeno 24. 9. 2016.
- ^ „apologetics”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Pristupljeno 5. 10. 2016.
- ^ Cross, F. L., ur. (2005). „Apologists”. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κατηγορία
- ^ „Acts 26:2”. Blue Letter Bible. 19. 9. 2016.
- ^ „Phl 1:7”. Blue Letter Bible. 19. 9. 2016.
- ^ „1Pe 3:15”. Blue Letter Bible. 19. 9. 2016.
- ^ Smith, Peter (2000). „apologetics”. A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. str. 39–40. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ „Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer”. bahai-library.com.
- ^ Walters, Michael (2007). NONE BUT “WE HEATHEN”: SHAKU SŌEN AT THE WORLD’S PARLIAMENT OF RELIGIONS (PDF) (Master of Arts). University of Pittsburgh. Pristupljeno 30. 5. 2022.
- ^ Shields, James Mark (27. 7. 2017). „Immanent Frames : Meiji New Buddhism, Pantheism, and the "Religious Secular"” (PDF). Japan review : Journal of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 30 (Special Issue (2017)): 82. doi:10.15055/00006734. Pristupljeno 30. 5. 2022.
- ^ De Silva, A. L. (1994). Beyond Belief, a Buddhist Critique of Fundamentalist Christianity (PDF). Three Gems Publications, ebook link at Buddha Dharma Education Association Incorporated, also. ISBN 978-0-6462-1211-1.
- ^ Dharmasiri, Gunapala (1974). A Buddhist critique of the Christian concept of God : a critique of the concept of God in contemporary Christian theology and philosophy of religion from the point of view of early Buddhism. Colombo : Lake House Investments — preko WorldCat.
- ^ Brent, James. „Natural Theology”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Pristupljeno 10. 3. 2015.
- ^ J. David Cassel. "Defending the Cannibals: How Christians responded to the sometimes strange accusations of their critics." „Defending the Cannibals”. Arhivirano iz originala 2011-08-21. g. Pristupljeno 2012-09-08.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals XV.44
- ^ „Why Early Christians Were Despised”. Christianity Today (Church history timeline). Pristupljeno 21. 9. 2016.
- ^ „Pravoslavlje”. Pravoslavlje na mreži. Pristupljeno 4. 1. 2016.
- ^ „Pravoslavni bofoslovski fakultet”. Pristupljeno 4. 1. 2016.
- ^ „Apologetika”. Mikro Knjiga.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Mediji vezani za članak Apologetika na Vikimedijinoj ostavi