Vedska civilizacija
Vedski period (ili Vedsko doba) je period u istoriji Indije kada su sastavljeni sveti vedski sanskrtski tekstovi kao Vede. Kultura vezana uz njih, ponekad nazivana Vedska civilizacija, je bila koncentrisana na Indo-gangsku niziju. Naučnici Vedski period smeštaju u 2. i 1. milenijum p. n. e., s time da se njen završetak obično vezuje uz 6. vek p. n. e.. Ova civilizacija se smatra temeljem hinduizma i današnje indijske kulture.[1] U ranoj fazi je period obeležilo stvaranje kraljevstava drevne Indije. U kasnijim fazama (od oko 700. p. n. e.), se bileži uspon Mahadžanapade koje je sledilo zlatno doba hinduizma i klasične književnosti na sanskrtu, Maurija carstvo (od oko 320. p. n. e.) i Srednja kraljevstva Indije.
| Rani Vedski period | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Geografija | |||
| Regija | Indijski potkontinent | ||
| Društvo | |||
| Period | |||
| Istorijsko doba | Bronzano doba Indije | ||
| Nastanak | 1500. pne | ||
| Prestanak | 1100. pne | ||
| Prethodnici i naslednici | |||
| Prethodile su: | Nasledile su: | ||
| Portal Arheologija | |||
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| Kasni Vedski period | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Geografija | |||
| Regija | Indijski potkontinent | ||
| Društvo | |||
| Period | |||
| Istorijsko doba | Bronzano doba Indije | ||
| Prestanak | 1100. pne | ||
| Odlike | 500. pne | ||
| Prethodnici i naslednici | |||
| Prethodile su: | Nasledile su: | ||
| Portal Arheologija | |||
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Vede su stvarali i precizno usmeno prenosili govornici starog indoarijskog jezika koji su rano u ovom periodu migrirali u severozapadne regije Indijskog potkontinenta. Vedsko društvo je bilo patrijarhalno i patrilinearno.[2] Rani Indoarijci bili su društvo iz kasnog bronzanog doba sa centrom u Pandžabu, organizovano u plemena, a ne u kraljevstva, i prvenstveno održavano pastirskim načinom života.
Oko 1200–1000 godina pre nove ere arijevska kultura proširila se na istok do plodne zapadne ravnice Ganga. Usvojeni su gvozdeni alati koji su omogućili krčenje šuma i usvajanje ustaljenijeg, poljoprivrednog načina života. Drugu polovinu vedskog perioda karakteriše pojava gradova, kraljevstava i složena društvena diferencijacija karakteristična za Indiju,[3] i kodifikacija ortodoksnog rituala žrtvovanja u Kraljevstvu Kuru.[4][5] Za to vreme, centralnom Gangskom ravnicom dominirala je srodna, ali nevedska indoarijska kultura, Velike Magade. Kraj vedskog perioda bio je svedok uspona pravih gradova i velikih država (zvanih mahadžanapade), kao i pokreta šramana (uključujući džainizam i budizam) koji su doveli u pitanje vedsku ortodoksiju.[6]
Vedski period je doveo do pojave hijerarhije društvenih klasa koja će ostati uticajna. Vedska religija razvila se u bramansku ortodoksiju, a oko početka sadašnje ere vedska tradicija je formirala jedan od glavnih sastavnih delova „hinduističke sinteze“.[7]
Arheološke kulture identifikovane sa fazama indoarijske materijalne kulture uključuju kulturu obojene keramike Očer, Gandharsku kulturu, kulturu crno-crvenog posuđa i kulturu slikanog sivog posuđa.[8]
Reference uredi
- ^ McClish & Olivelle 2012, str. xxiv.
- ^
- Rita Banerji (2008), Sex and Power, Penguin UK: "The Vedic patriarchal culture was defined by an extremely aggressive need to establish a social order that catered to male sexuality, both on earth and in the heavens—among humans and also among the gods."
- Alphonso Lingis (2018), The Alphonso Lingis Reader, University of Minnesota Press: "Patriarchal culture entered Siam late, through the royal family, which, though to this day Buddhist, in the late Sukhothai period—as Angkor long before it—imported brahminical priests and, with them, Vedic patriarchal culture."
- Chitrabhanu Sen (1978), A Dictionary of the Vedic Rituals: Based on the Śrauta and Gṛhya Sūtras, Concept Publishing Company: "But the most important transformation that occurred in the patriarchal vedic society is the exclusion of women from the sacrifices."
- ^ Stein 2010, str. 50.
- ^ Witzel 1995, str. 3-5.
- ^ Samuel 2010, str. 49-52.
- ^ Flood 1996, str. 82.
- ^ Hiltebeitel 2002.
- ^ Witzel 1989.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Restoration of Vedic Wisdom (pdf), Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet