Vera

Ukoliko ste tražili drugi pojam, pogledajte članak Vera (višeznačna odrednica).

Vera (ijek. vjera) označava uverenje u istinitost neke tvrdnje bez njene provere, odnosno bez logičkog rasuđivanja i zaključivanja.

Luis Salvador Carmona, Alegorija vere (1752–53). Veo simboliše nemogućnost neposredne spoznaje.

U svakodnevnom životu, čovek funkcioniše verujući u mnoge stvari, ideje, ljude, i razne verovatne ili neverovatne događaje. U teologiji, pod verom se obično misli na veru u Boga.

Psihologija

U psihološkom smislu, vera može da znači odnos poverenja između dve osobe ili odnos poverenja pojedinca prema svetu.

Religija

Glavni članak: Religija

Čovek koji veruje u spasenje ili u izgledniju budućnost ne dolazi do takvog stava racionalnim putem. Motivacija je ili spoljašnja, pod uticajem nekog autoriteta ili unutrašnja; potreba, osećanje, subjektivni stav.

Za razliku od teologa, vernik može da veruje u Boga i bez naročitog znanja iz oblasti teologije. Ipak, to mnoge vernike ne sprečava da u svojoj veri budu fanatični. Takođe, vera pojedinca se razlikuje od vere u religijskom smislu i po tome što vera pojedinca, takozvana filozofsko-utopijska, ne mora da bude usmerena isključivo ka Bogu, već ka nekim drugim idealima. Crkva, međutim, pruža organizovanu i institucionalizovanu veru. Ona predstavlja posrednika između ljudi i božanstva, što postiže na različite načine, recimo preko verskih obreda i ceremonija. Uloga crkve je i da razmatra značajna pitanja vere, ali i odlučuje o svojim članovima, ko i na koji način može da postane njen član, ali i da prestane to da bude usled kršenja nekog moralnog kodeksa koji je sama crkva propisala. U Svetom pismu, vera je definisana kao proizvod ljudskih nada, ali koji je nedostupan čulima. Za Apostola Pavla, vera je spasenje svakog čoveka, a za Jevanđelistu Jovana, vera je jednaka ljubavi prema Hristu, ali i prema svima onima koji su od Boga potekli.

Logika

U klasičnoj logici, vera se smatra tvrdnjom, jer iznosi neku tvrdnju ili očekivanje o stvarnosti za koju se pretpostavlja da je istinita ili lažna (čak i ako to ne može praktično da se proveri, kao što je vera u postojanje nekog božanstva). Istorijski gledano, filozofske analize naravi vere proučavale su je kroz pojam suda. U tome se posebno ističu Dejvid Hjum i Imanuel Kant.

Literatura

• Sam Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason, W. W. Norton (2004), hardcover, 336 pages, ISBN 0-393-03515-8
• Stephen Palmquist, "Faith as Kant's Key to the Justification of Transcendental Reflection", The Heythrop Journal 25:4 (October 1984), pp. 442–455. Reprinted as Chapter V in Stephen Palmquist, Kant's System of Perspectives (Lanham: University Press of America, 1993).
• D. Mark Parks, "Faith/Faithfulness" Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Eds. Chad Brand, Charles Draper, Archie England. Nashville: Holman Publishers, 2003.
• On Faith and Reason by Swami Tripurari
• Baba, Meher: Discourses, San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented, 1967.
• Abe, Masao. "Buddhism in Japan". In Carr & Mahalingam (1997), pp. 675–719.
• Andrews, Allen A. "Hōnen". In Jones (2005f).
• Araki, Michio. "Buddhism, Schools of: Japanese Buddhism". In Jones (2005b), pp. 1241–1246.
• Barber, A.W. "Pure Land Schools". In Buswell (2004), pp. 706–709.
• Barua, B.M. (1931), „Faith in Buddhism” (PDF), Ur.: Law, B.C., Buddhistic studies, Thacker's Indian Directory, str. 329—49, OCLC 701790696 
• Baumann, Martin. "Buddhism: Buddhism in the West". In Jones (2005b), pp. 1186–2292.
• Bielefeldt, Carl. "Japan". In Buswell (2004), pp. 384–391.
• Birnbaum, Raoul. "Avalokiteśvara". In Jones (2005b), pp. 704–707.
• Buswell, Robert E. Jr., ur. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism (PDF). New York [u.a.]: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865720-2. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2018-06-29. g. 
• Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013), Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3 
• Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira, ur. (1997). Companion encyclopedia of Asian philosophy (PDF). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-03535-4. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2017-07-30. g. 
• Conze, Edward (2003) [1951], Buddhism, its essence and development, Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-43095-9, Arhivirano iz originala 22. 11. 2017. g., Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2021 
• Derris, Karen. "Buddhas and Bodhisattvas: Ethical practices". In Jones (2005b), p. 1084.
• De Silva, Lily (2002), „Faith”, Ur.: Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena, Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, V, Government of Ceylon 
• Dobbins, James C. (2002), Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in medieval Japan, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2620-8 
• Dobbins, James C. "Kamakura Buddhism, Japan". In Buswell (2004), pp. 411–415.
• DuBois, Thomas. "Millenarianism and millenarian movements". In Buswell (2004), pp. 537–540.
• Emmanuel, Steven M., ur. (2013). A companion to Buddhist philosophy (PDF). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-65877-2. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2017-03-12. g. 
• Findly, Ellison Banks (1992), „Ānanda's Hindrance: Faith (Saddha) in early Buddhism”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 20 (3): 253—273, S2CID 169332149, doi:10.1007/bf00157758 
• Findly, Ellison Banks (2003), Dāna: giving and getting in Pali Buddhism, Buddhist Traditions, 52, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 978-81-208-1956-6 
• Fuller, Paul (2004), The notion of diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism : the point of view, London: RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 978-0-203-01043-3 
• Ganguly, Debjani (7. 8. 2006), „Buddha, Bhakti and Superstition: A Post‐secular Reading of Dalit Conversion”, Postcolonial Studies, 7 (1): 49—62, S2CID 144474550, doi:10.1080/1368879042000210621 CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Getz, Daniel A. "Pure Land Buddhism". In Buswell (2004), pp. 698–703.
• Gombrich, Richard F. (1995), Buddhist precept and practice: traditional Buddhism in the rural highlands of Ceylon, London [u.a.]: Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7103-0444-5 
• Gombrich, Richard F. (2006), Theravāda Buddhism: a social history from ancient Benares to modern Colombo (2nd izd.), London [u.a.]: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-36508-6 
• Gombrich, Richard F. (2006b). How Buddhism began: the conditioned genesis of the early teachings (2nd izd.). London: Routledge. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6690 . ISBN 978-0-415-37123-0. 
• Gombrich, Richard F. (2009), What the Buddha thought, London [u.a.]: Equinox Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84553-612-1 
• Gómez, Luis O. (2004a). "Amitābha". In Buswell (2004), pp. 14–15.
• Gómez, Luis O. (2004b). "Faith". In Buswell (2004), pp. 277–279.
• Green, Ronald S. "East Asian Buddhism". In Emmanuel (2013).
• Harvey, Peter. "Dukkha, non-self, and the "Four Noble Truths"". In Emmanuel (2013).
• Harvey, Peter (2013b), An introduction to Buddhism: teachings, history and practices (2nd izd.), New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4 
• Higham, Charles F.W. (2004), Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations (PDF), New York: Facts On File, ISBN 978-0-8160-4640-9 
• Hoffmann, Frank J. (1987), „The pragmatic efficacy of "Saddha<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 15 (4): 399—412, ISSN 1573-0395, S2CID 144431803, doi:10.1007/BF00178816 
• Holder, John J. "A survey of early Buddhist epistemology". In Emmanuel (2013).
• Hsieh, Ding-hwa (2009), „Buddhism, Pure Land”, Ur.: Cheng, Linsun; Brown, Kerry, Berkshire encyclopedia of China, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-9770159-4-8 
• Hudson, Clarke. "Buddhist meditation: East Asian Buddhist meditation". In Jones (2005b), pp. 1290–1295.
• Irons, Edward A. (2008), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Encyclopedia of World Religions, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 978-0-8160-5459-6 
• Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963), Early Buddhist theory of knowledge, George Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-134-54287-1 
• Jones, Lindsay, ur. (2005b). Encyclopedia of religion (PDF). 2 (2nd izd.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865997-8. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2017-03-02. g. 
• Jones, Lindsay, ur. (2005e). Encyclopedia of religion (PDF). 5 (2nd izd.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865738-7. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2017-05-05. g. 
• Jones, Lindsay, ur. (2005f). Encyclopedia of religion (PDF). 6 (2nd izd.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865739-4. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2017-05-05. g. 
• Jones, Lindsay, ur. (2005g). Encyclopedia of religion (PDF). 7 (2nd izd.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865740-0. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2017-05-05. g. 
• Jones, Lindsay, ur. (2005k). Encyclopedia of religion (PDF). 11 (2nd izd.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865980-0. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2017-03-02. g. 
• Jones, Lindsay, ur. (2005l). Encyclopedia of religion (PDF). 12 (2nd izd.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865981-7. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2017-03-02. g. 
• Kalupahana, David J. (1976), Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Analysis, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-0360-5 
• Kinnard, Jacob N. "Worship". In Buswell (2004), pp. 905–907.
• Lai, Whalen W. (1981). „The Predocetic "Finite Buddhakāya" in the Lotus Sūtra: In Search of the Illusive Dharmakāya Therein”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 49 (3): 447—469. doi:10.1093/jaarel/XLIX.3.447. 
• Lamotte, Etienne (1988), Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, des origines à l'ère Śaka [History of Indian Buddhism: from the origins to the Saka era] (na jeziku: francuski), Prevod: Webb-Boin, Sara, Louvain-la-Neuve: Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste, ISBN 978-9068311006 
• Landes, Richard A., ur. (2000). Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements (PDF). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-00943-7. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 22. 11. 2017. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Lazich, Michael C. "Asia". In Landes (2000), pp. 64–71.
• Leaman, Oliver (2000), Eastern philosophy: key readings, London [u.a.]: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-17357-5 
• Lindtner, Chr. "Nāgārjuna". In Carr & Mahalingam (1997), pp. 314–333.
• McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-972029-3 
• Nakamura, Hajime. "Knowledge and reality in Buddhism". In Carr & Mahalingam (1997), pp. 391–406.
• Park, Sung Bae (1983), Buddhist faith and sudden enlightenment, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-87395-673-4 
• Porcu, E (2008), Pure Land Buddhism in Modern Japanese Culture, Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9789004164710 
• Powers, John (2013), A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Oneworld Publications, ISBN 978-1-78074-476-6 
• Rambelli, Fabio. "Local divinities and Buddhism". In Buswell (2004), pp. 465–469.
• Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles. "Buddha". In Jones (2005b), pp. 1075–1083.
• Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1997), The Buddhist religion: a historical introduction (4th izd.), Belmont, CA: Cengage, ISBN 978-0-534-20718-2 
• Rotman, Andy (2008), Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-045117-2 
• Schopen, Gregory. "Mahāyāna". In Buswell (2004), pp. 492–499.
• Shields, James Mark. "Political Interpretations of the Lotus Sūtra". In Emmanuel (2013).
• Shōto, Hase. "Jōdo Shinshu". In Jones (2005g), pp. 4933–4936.
• Smart, Ninian. "The Buddha". In Carr & Mahalingam (1997), pp. 276–285.
• Snellgrove, David L. "Buddhas and Bodhisattvas: Celestial Buddhas and Bodhisattvas". In Jones (2005b), pp. 1059–1071.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1982), Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes (2nd izd.), Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04672-6 
• Stone, Jacqueline, I. (1998), „Chanting the August Title of the Lotus Sutra: Daimoku Practices in Classical and Medieval Japan”, Ur.: Payne, Richard, K., Re-Visioning Kamakura Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press, str. 116—66, ISBN 978-0-8248-2078-7, Arhivirano iz originala 4. 1. 2015. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Stone, Jacqueline I. (2004a). "Lotus Sūtra (Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-Sūtra)". In Buswell (2004), pp. 471–477.
• Stone, Jacqueline I. (2004b). "Nichiren School". In Buswell (2004), pp. 595–598.
• Suvimalee, Samaneri (2005), „Saddhā”, Ur.: Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena, Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, VII, Government of Ceylon, OCLC 781859662 
• Swanson, P.L. (1993), „'Zen Is Not Buddhism': Recent Japanese Critiques of Buddha-Nature”, Numen, 40 (2): 115—49, doi:10.1163/156852793x00112 
• Swearer, Donald K. "Folk Religion: Folk Buddhism". In Jones (2005e).
• Thomas, Edward J. (1953), The History of Buddhist Thought (PDF), History of Civilization (2nd izd.), London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, OCLC 499999025 
• Trainor, K.M. (1989), „Pasanna/Pasada in the Pali Vamsa Literature” (PDF), Vidyodaya, 3: 185—90, ISSN 1391-1937 
• Welch, Holmes (1967), The Practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900–1950 (PDF), Harvard University Press 
• Werner, Karel (2013), „Love and Devotion in Buddhism”, Ur.: Werner, Karel, Love Divine Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-1-136-77461-4 
• Wijayaratna, Mohan (1990), Buddhist monastic life: according to the texts of the Theravāda tradition, Prevod: Grangier, Claude; Collins, Steven, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36428-7 
• Williams, Paul (2008), Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations (2nd izd.), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-42847-4 

Spoljašnje veze

• John Bishop (10. 7. 2017). „Faith”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Peter Forrest (10. 7. 2017). „Epistemology of the religion”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• „Free and open courses with videos, help and review, about the 10 biggest religions in the world”. study.com/academy (na jeziku: engleski). 
• Faith in Judaism chabad.org
• Pew Research Center Reports on Religion
• Faith News & Religion | Times Online Articles and comment about faith issues and religion from The Times