Dejvid Hjum

Dejvid Hjum (engl. David Hume; Edinburg, 7. maj 1711 — Edinburg, 25. avgust 1776) bio je škotski filozof, ekonomista i istoričar. Bio je skeptičar koji je počeo je da studira prava, koja nije do kraja završio. U toku studija dolazi u dodir sa Njutnovom fizikom, kao i sa delima engleskog filozofa Džona Loka koji mu daje pravac u filozofiji.

Dejvid Hjum
Dejvid Hjum
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1711-05-07)7. maj 1711.
Mesto rođenja	Edinburg, Velika Britanija
Datum smrti	25. avgust 1776.(1776-08-25) (65 god.)
Mesto smrti	Edinburg, Velika Britanija
Obrazovanje	Univerzitet u Edinburgu
Filozofski rad
Uticaji od	Džordž Berkli
Uticao na	Horhe Luis Borhes

Hjumov uticaj

Dejvid Hjum je bio jedna od značajnijih ličnosti njegovog stoleća. Na evropskom kontinentu, a naročito u Francuskoj, važio je za jednog od većih engleskih filozofa. U Nemačkoj je Kant tvrdio da ga je Hjumova lektira iz dogme i dremeža probudila. Hjumove moralno filozofske ideje utiču takođe na utilitariste 19. veka, naročito na Džeremi Bentama i Džona Stjuarta Mila.

Biografija

Kada bi čovek pustio današnje profesore filozofije da odluče ko je bio najbolji prozni autor na engleskom jeziku, pobedio bi sigurno Hjum. Hjum je rano doneo odluku o filozofiranju, podstaknut marljivim čitanjem lektire, pisao je taj šesnaestogodišnjak, hteo je: „Kao jedan filozof da govori“. Godinu dana kasnije, da bi ispunio želju svojim roditeljima upisuje se da studira prava, za koje nije pokazao veliko interesovanje.Počinje ozbiljno da se upušta u filozofske probleme, njegov veliki prijatelj u mislima postao je Ciceron. Godine 1729. dobio je nervni slom i žali se na jake depresije koje češće dobija. Ta depresivna bolest trajala je četiri godine, pokušao je da se izleči čvrstom disciplinom, tako što bi se dnevno po par sati posvetio filozofskim posmatranjima. Ali baš tako lako, kao što je on zamislio, nije išlo. Da bi se što pre izlečio pokušao je sa normalnim poslom. Počeo je da radi kao trgovac u jednoj prodavnici šećera u Bristolu. Brzo je shvatio da taj zanat nije za njega i pokušava ponovo sa čistom filozofskom egzistencijom. Hjum putuje za Francusku i tamo boravi tri godine, gde je životni standart mnogo skuplji nego u Engleskoj, tu počinje svoje prvo delo a završava ga u Londonu „Traktat“ Rasprava o ljudskoj prirodi (1739—1740), koje važi za majstorsko delo koje je Hjum objavio. Više sreće imao je Hjum sa esejima o Moralu i Politici. U krug užih prijatelja pripada Adam Smit, koji se smatrao ocem ekonomije i poznati osnivač savremene geologije Džejms Haton.

Hjum skeptičar

Njegova skeptičnost se odražavala pre svega protiv metafizike, njoj i sa tim svakoj spekulaciji o nedostupnim stvarima bile su njegova glavna borba. Metafizičke ideje bile su za njega produkt neplodnog naprezanja čovečije taštine, koja pokušava u predmete da uđe koje su razumu potpuno nepristupačni. Ta izmišljena filozofija (Pseudofilozofija) mora se nemilosrdno otkriti (tako misli Hjum). Takođe njegova molba za profesorsko mesto na univerzitetu u Edinburgu bila je odbijena, verovatno zato što je Hjum okarakterisan kao religiozni skeptičar. Delo koje je objavio 1748, Jedno istraživanje u pogledu ljudskog razuma, moguće ja da obuhvata njegov Traktat (Rasprava).

Etika

U etici Hjum zastupa mišljenje da „dobro i loše nisu zavisni od razuma, nego samo od njihovog značaja i u sreću izrasli“.

Dela

• 1748. Istraživanje ljudskog razuma
• 1751. Istraživanje moralnih principa
• 1779. Dijalog o prirodnoj religiji

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• Demeter, Tamás (2012). „Hume's Experimental Method”. British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 20 (3): 577. 
• Demeter, Tamás (2014). "Natural Theology as Superstition: Hume and the Changing Ideology of Moral Inquiry." In Demeter, T. et al. (eds.), Conflicting Values of Inquiry, Leiden: Brill.
• Garrett, Don (1996). Cognition and Commitment in Hume's Philosophy. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• Gaskin, J.C.A. (1978). Hume's Philosophy of Religion. Humanities Press International.
• Harris, James A. . (2015). Hume: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
• Hesselberg, A. Kenneth (1961). Hume, Natural Law and Justice. Duquesne Review, Spring 1961, pp. 46–47.
• Kail, P. J. E (2007). Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• Kemp Smith, Norman (1941). The Philosophy of David Hume. London: Macmillan.
• Norton, David Fate (1982). David Hume: Common-Sense Moralist, Sceptical Metaphysician. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 
• Norton, David Fate & Taylor, Jacqueline (eds.) . The Cambridge Companion to Hume. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009. 
• Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. (ed.) (2008). A Companion to Hume, Malden: Blackwell.
• Rosen, Frederick Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill (Routledge Studies in Ethics & Moral Theory). 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-22094-1.
• Russell, Paul . Freedom and Moral Sentiment: Hume's Way of Naturalizing Responsibility. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995. 
• Russell, Paul . The Riddle of Hume's Treatise: Skepticism, Naturalism and Irreligion. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. 
• Stroud, Barry (1977). Hume, London & New York: Routledge. (Complete study of Hume's work parting from the interpretation of Hume's naturalistic philosophical programme).
• Wei, Jua (2017). Commerce and Politics in Hume’s History of England, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer online review
• Wilson, Fred (2008). The External World and Our Knowledge Of It : Hume's critical realism, an exposition and a defence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 

Spoljašnje veze

• The Hume Society
• The David Hume Collection at McGill University Library
• David Hume na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
• Dejvid Hjum na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
• Dejvid Hjum na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
• Books by David Hume at the Online Books Page
• davidhume.org All of Hume's philosophical works in authoritative searchable editions, with related resources (including articles, bibliography, and the original manuscript of the Dialogues)
• David Hume at the Online Library of Liberty
• David Hume resources including books, articles, and encyclopedia entries
• David Hume readable versions of the Treatise, the Abstract of the Treatise, the two Enquiries, the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and four essays
• Morris, David William. „David Hume”. Ur.: Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 
• A Bibliography of Hume's Early Writings and Early Responses Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. јун 2012)
• Peter Millican. Critical Survey of the Literature on Hume and his First Enquiry (Surveys around 250 books and articles on Hume and related topics)
• Dejvid Hjum na sajtu Curlie
• El Monetarismo Amable de David Hume