Plantageneti
Dinastija Plantagenet je bila engleska kraljevska dinastija koju je osnovao Henri II Plantagenet, sin Žofrue od Anžuja. Dinastija Plantagenet je počela da vlada Engleskom u 12. veku. Njihov direktni preci su vladali Grofovijom Anžu od 9. veka. Vladari iz ove dinastije stekli su brojne posede, tako da se država na vrhuncu moći prostirala od Pirineja do Irske.
Dinastija Plantagenet | |
---|---|
Osnivač | Žofrua Plantagenet, grof Anžua |
Posljednji vladar | Ričard II Plantagenet |
Izumiranje | 1485 |
Smjena | Dinastija Lankaster |
Dinastija Lankaster Dinastija Jork |
Ukupno je petnaest vladara iz ove dinastije vladalo Engleskom od 1154. do 1485, uključujući i one iz bočnih grana. Prvobitna grana ove dinastije je počela sa Henrijem II, a okončala se zbacivanjem Ričarda II 1399. Nakon toga, dve grane dinastije Plantagenet, dinastije Lankaster i Jork, sukobile su se u građanskom ratu poznatom pod imenom Ratovi dveju ruža. Nakon tri vladara iz dinastije Lankaster, kruna je principom primogeniture prešla na tri vladara iz dinastije Jork, čiji je poslednji kraj Ričard III ubijen u bici kod Bosvorta 1485.
Karakteristična engleska kultura i umetnost je nastala tokom vladavine dinastije Plantagenet, uz podršku nekih vladara koji su bili zaštitnici „oca engleskog pesništva“, Džefrija Čosera. Gotička arhitektura je bila popularna u to vreme, o čemu svedoče građevine poput Vestminsterske opatije i Katedrale u Jorku izgrađene u tom stilu. Odigrao se i trajan razvoj u društvenom sektoru. Primer za to je Jovan Bez Zemlje koji je potpisao Veliku povelju slobode koja je imala veliki uticaj na razvoj opšteg i ustavnog prava. Parlament Engleske potiče iz perioda Plantageneta, kao i brojne obrazovne institucije, poput univerziteta Oksford i Kembridž.
U ovom vremenu su vođeni Stogodišnji rat, u kom su se Plantageneti borili protiv dinastije Valoa za pravo na nasleđe dinastije Kapeta i kontrolu nad Francuskom. Neki od kraljeva iz dinastije Plantagenet su bili veliki ratnici: kralj Henri V je upamćen po pobedi nad brojnijim neprijatelj u bici kod Azenkura, dok se kralj Ričard Lavlje Srce istakao u Trećem krstaškom ratu i postao popularna ličnost u engleskoj kulturi.
Terminologija uredi
Plantagenet uredi
Ričard Plantagenet, 3. vojvoda od Jorka je usvojio Plantagenet kao svoje porodično prezime u 15. veku. Plantegenest (ili Plante Genest) bio je nadimak iz 12. veka za njegovog pretka Žofrua, grofa Anžujskog i vojvodu od Normandije. Jedna od mnogih popularnih teorija sugeriše da je cvet obične metle, svetlo žuta („zlatna“) cvetnica, genista na srednjovekovnom latinskom, bila izvor nadimka.[1]
Neizvesno je zašto je Ričard odabrao ovo specifično ime, iako je tokom Ratova ruža isticao Ričardov status Žofruovog patrilinealnog potomka. Retrospektivna upotreba imena za sve potomke Žofruove muške linije bila je popularna tokom naredne dinastije Tjudora, verovatno podstaknuta daljim legitimitetom koji je dala Ričardovom praunuku, Henriju VIII.[2] Tek krajem 17. veka je taj naziv prešao u uobičajenu upotrebu među istoričarima.[3]
Reference uredi
- ^ Plant 2007
- ^ Wagner 2001, str. 206
- ^ Keefe 2008
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