Википедија

Predstavnička demokratija

Predstavnička demokratija, ili indirektna ili posredna demokratija, naziv je za društveno-političko uređenje demokratskog tipa u kojoj vlast nastaje temeljom izbora na kojima građani biraju svoje predstavnike — samo predstavnike izvršne i/li sudske, odnosno članove predstavničkih tijela (skupština) kao zakonodavne vlasti, a koji potom donose odluke u njihovo ime.[1][2] Gotovo sve moderne demokratije zapadnog stila funkcionišu kao neka vrsta predstavničke demokratije: na primer, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo (unitarna parlamentarna ustavna monarhija), Nemačka (savezna parlamentarna republika), Francuska (unitarna polupredsednička republika) i Sjedinjene Američke Države (savezna predsednička republika).[3] Na svijetu postoje različiti oblici predstavničke demokratije koji se razlikuju oko toga da li je šef države nasljedni monarh ili izabrani predsednik, odnosno da li je izvršna vlast podređena skupštini (kao u parlamentarnom sistemu), odnosno postoji jasna podela vlasti (kao u predsjedničkim republikama poput SAD). Predstavnička demokratija se navodi kao alternativa, odnosno kao suprotnost konceptu neposredne demokratije, iako u pojedinim državama oba sistema mogu postojati kroz različite oblike referenduma.

Narodna skupština Republike Srbije, govor Dmitrija Medvedeva

Predstavnička demokratija može da funkcioniše kao element parlamentarnog i predsedničkog sistema vlasti. Obično se manifestuje u donjem domu kao što je Donji dom Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva i Lok Saba Indije, ali može biti smanjen ustavnim ograničenjima kao što su gornji dom i sudska revizija zakona. Neki politički teoretičari (uključujući Roberta Dala, Gregorija Hjustona i Ijana Libenberga) opisali su predstavničku demokratiju kao poliarhiju.[4][5] Predstavnička demokratija daje vlast u ruke predstavnika koje bira narod. Političke partije često postaju centralne za ovaj oblik demokratije ako izborni sistemi zahtevaju ili podstiču birače da glasaju za političke stranke ili za kandidate povezane sa političkim partijama (za razliku od glasanja za pojedinačne predstavnike).[6]

Ovlašćenja predstavnika uredi

Predstavnike bira javno mnjenje, za nosioce visokih funkcija glasanjem, putem referenduma za nacionalno zakonodavstvo. Izabrani predstavnici mogu imati ovlašćenje da izaberu druge predstavnike, predsednike i druge službenike vlade kao premijera. zakonodavna tela. Moć predstavnika je obično ograničena ustavom (kao u Liberalnoj demokratiji ili Ustavnoj monarhiji) ili drugim merama za balansiranje predstavničke moći:[7]

  • Nezavisnost sudstva: koje može imati ovlašćenje da proglasi zakonodavne akte neustavnim (npr. ustavni sud, vrhovni sud).
  • Ustav: takođe može predvideti deliberativnu demokratiju (npr. Kraljevska komisija) ili direktne narodne mere (npr. inicijativa, referendum, opoziv izbora). Međutim, oni nisu uvek obavezujući i obično zahtevaju neke zakonodavne mere—pravna moć obično ostaje čvrsto na predstavnicima.
  • Dvodomni sistem: u nekim slučajevima može imati „gornji dom“ koji nije direktno biran, kao što je Senat Kanade, koji je napravljen po uzoru na britanski Dom lordova.

Istorija uredi

Vidi još: Demokratizacija

Rimska republika je bila prva poznata država u zapadnom svetu koja je imala reprezentativnu vladu, uprkos tome što je imala oblik direktne vlade u rimskim skupštinama. Rimski model upravljanja je inspirisao mnoge političke mislioce tokom vekova,[8] i današnje moderne predstavničke demokratije više oponašaju rimski nego grčki model, jer je to bila država u kojoj je vrhovnu vlast imao narod i njegovi izabrani predstavnici, i koja je imala izabranog ili imenovanog vođu.[9] Predstavnička demokratija je oblik demokratije u kojoj ljudi glasaju za predstavnike koji potom glasaju o političkim inicijativama; za razliku od direktne demokratije, oblika demokratije u kojoj ljudi direktno glasaju o političkim inicijativama.[10] Evropska srednjovekovna tradicija odabiranja predstavnika iz različitih staleža (klasa, ali ne kakve danas poznajemo) da savetuju/kontrolišu monarhe dovela je do relativno širokog poznavanja reprezentativnih sistema inspirisanih rimskim sistemima.

U Britaniji, Sajmon de Monfort je upamćen kao jedan od očeva predstavničke vlasti po održavanju dva poznata parlamenta.[11][12] Prvi, 1258. godine, lišio je kralja neograničene vlasti, a drugi, 1265. godine, uključio je obične građane iz gradova.[13] Kasnije, u 17. veku, Engleski parlament je primenio neke od ideja i sistema liberalne demokratije, što je kulminiralo Slavnom revolucijom i usvajanjem Zakona o pravima iz 1689. godine.[14][15] Proširenje biračkog prava odvijalo se kroz niz reformskih akata u 19. i 20. veku.

Američka revolucija dovela je do stvaranja novog Ustava Sjedinjenih Država 1787. godine, sa nacionalnim zakonodavstvom zasnovanim delimično na direktnim izborima predstavnika svake dve godine, i time odgovornim biračkom telu za nastavak funkcije. Senatore nije direktno birao narod sve do usvajanja Sedamnaestog amandmana 1913. Žene, muškarci koji nisu posedovali imovinu, crnci, i drugi kojima prvobitno nije dato pravo glasa, u većini država su na kraju dobili glasove kroz promene u državi i saveznom pravu u toku 19. i 20. veka. Sve dok nije ukinut Četrnaestim amandmanom nakon Građanskog rata, Kompromis tri petine je dao neproporcionalnu zastupljenost ropskih država u Predstavničkom domu u odnosu na glasače u slobodnim državama.[16][17]

Revolucionarna Francuska je 1789. usvojila Deklaraciju o pravima čoveka i građanina i, iako je kratkotrajno, 1792. su svi muškarci birali Nacionalnu konvenciju.[18] Opšte muško pravo glasa je ponovo uspostavljeno u Francuskoj nakon Francuske revolucije 1848. godine.[19]

Predstavnička demokratija je zadobila opštu naklonost, posebno u nacionalni državama nakon Industrijske revolucije, gde je veliki broj građana pokazao interesovanje za politiku, ali gde su tehnologija i broj stanovništva ostali neprikladni za direktnu demokratiju. Mnogi istoričari pripisuju Reformskom aktu iz 1832. pokretanje moderne predstavničke demokratije u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu.[20][21]

 
Predstavnički dom SAD, jedan primer predstavničke demokratije

Globalno gledano, većina vlada u svetu su predstavničke demokratije, uključujući ustavne monarhije i republike sa jakim predstavničkim ograncima.[22]

Istraživanje o reprezentaciji uredi

Za više informacija pogledajte: Reprezentacija (politika)

Odvojena, ali srodna i veoma velika tela istraživanja u političkoj filozofiji i društvenim naukama istražuju kako i koliko dobro izabrani predstavnici, kao što su zakonodavci, predstavljaju interese ili preferencije jednog ili drugog biračkog tela. Empirijsko istraživanje pokazuje da reprezentativni sistemi imaju tendenciju da budu pristrasni prema zastupljenosti imućnijih klasa, na štetu stanovništva u celini.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

  1. ^ „Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report – Glossary”. 28. 7. 2005. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 12. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 14. 12. 2007. 
  2. ^ Predstavnička demokratija
  3. ^ Loeper, Antoine (2016). „Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies”. European Economic Review. 91: 180—208. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.10.003. hdl:10016/25180  . 
  4. ^ Houston, G F (2001) Public Participation in Democratic Governance in South Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council HSRC Press
  5. ^ Dahl, R A (2005) "Is international democracy possible? A critical view", in Sergio Fabbrini (editor): Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States: Exploring post-national governance: 195 to 204 (Chapter 13), Abingdon on the Thames: Routledge.
  6. ^ De Vos et al (2014) South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press.
  7. ^ „CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY”. www.civiced.org. Pristupljeno 2019-11-18. 
  8. ^ Livy; De Sélincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002). The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations. Penguin Classics. str. 34. ISBN 0-14-044809-8. 
  9. ^ Watson 2005, str. 271
  10. ^ Budge, Ian (2001). „Direct democracy”. Ur.: Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe. Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-19396-2. 
  11. ^ Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War. Bloomsbury. str. 173—4. ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5. 
  12. ^ „Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked”. BBC. 19. 1. 2015. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2015 ; „The January Parliament and how it defined Britain” . The Telegraph. 20. 1. 2015. Arhivirano iz originala 11. 1. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 28. 1. 2015. 
  13. ^   Norgate, Kate (1894). „Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)”. Ur.: Lee, Sidney. Rečnik nacionalne biografije. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 
  14. ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., ur. (2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order (4, revised izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 37—9. ISBN 978-1139991384. „Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries” 
  15. ^ „Constitutionalism: America & Beyond”. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 10. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2014. „The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to the law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.” 
  16. ^ "We Hold These Truths to be Self-evident;" An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison; Introduction P. xxii
  17. ^ „Expansion of Rights and Liberties”. National Archives. 30. 10. 2015. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2015. 
  18. ^ „The French Revolution II”. Mars.wnec.edu. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 8. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2010-08-22. 
  19. ^ French National Assembly. „1848 " Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil "” (na jeziku: francuski). Pristupljeno 2009-09-26. 
  20. ^ A. Ricardo López; Barbara Weinstein (2012). The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History. Duke UP. str. 58. ISBN 978-0822351290. 
  21. ^ Eric J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870 (2nd ed. 1996) p. 229
  22. ^ Roser, Max (2013-03-15). „Democracy”. Our World in Data. 
  23. ^ Jacobs, Lawrence R.; Page, Benjamin I. (februar 2005). „Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy?”. American Political Science Review. 99 (1): 107—123. S2CID 154481971. doi:10.1017/S000305540505152X. 
  24. ^ Bernauer, Julian; Giger, Nathalie; Rosset, Jan (januar 2015). „Mind the gap: Do proportional electoral systems foster a more equal representation of women and men, poor and rich?”. International Political Science Review. 36 (1): 78—98. S2CID 145633250. doi:10.1177/0192512113498830. 
  25. ^ Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (septembar 2014). „Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens”. Perspectives on Politics. 12 (3): 564—581. doi:10.1017/S1537592714001595  . 
  26. ^ Carnes, Nicholas (2013). White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08728-3. 
  27. ^ Carnes, Nicholas; Lupu, Noam (januar 2015). „Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America”. American Journal of Political Science. 59 (1): 1—18. doi:10.1111/ajps.12112. 
  28. ^ Giger, Nathalie; Rosset, Jan; Bernauer, Julian (april 2012). „The Poor Political Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective”. Representation. 48 (1): 47—61. S2CID 154081733. doi:10.1080/00344893.2012.653238. 
  29. ^ Peters, Yvette; Ensink, Sander J. (4. 5. 2015). „Differential Responsiveness in Europe: The Effects of Preference Difference and Electoral Participation”. West European Politics. 38 (3): 577—600. S2CID 153452076. doi:10.1080/01402382.2014.973260  . 
  30. ^ Schakel, Wouter; Burgoon, Brian; Hakhverdian, Armen (mart 2020). „Real but Unequal Representation in Welfare State Reform”. Politics & Society. 48 (1): 131—163. S2CID 214235967. doi:10.1177/0032329219897984  . 

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Spoljašnje veze uredi

  Mediji vezani za članak Predstavnička demokratija na Vikimedijinoj ostavi

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