Википедија

Raketa

Raketa je, po najširoj definiciji, bilo koje vozilo, projektil ili vazduhoplov koji se kreće kao posledica reakcije na izbacivanje gasa velike brzine iz raketnog motora. Izduvna struja raketnog motora se u potpunosti formira od pogonskog goriva koje se nalazi u raketi.[1] Raketni motori deluju jednostavnim izbacivanjem izduvnih gasova velikom brzinom u suprotnom smeru od smera kretanja, te prema tome mogu delovati u vakuumu svemira.

Jednonamenska raketa-nosač Proton, na putu za Međunarodnu svemirsku stanicu sa modulom Zvezda

Istorija uredi

 
Rana kineska raketa

Prve rakete na barut evoluirale su u srednjovekovnoj Kini pod dinastijom Song do 13. veka.[2] Mongoli su usvojili kinesku raketnu tehnologiju i pronalazak se proširio mongolskim invazijama na Bliski istok i Evropu sredinom 13. veka.[3] Upotreba raketa je zabeležena u opisima dejstava Song mornarice Song u jednoj vojnoj vežbi iz 1245. godine. Raketni pogon sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem pominje se u jednoj referenci na 1264. godine, u kome se napominje da je „kopneni pacov”, vrsta vatrometa, uplašila caricu-majku Gongšeng na gozbi koju je u njenu čast priredio njen sin car Lizong.[4] Kasnije su rakete uključene u vojnu raspravu Huolongđing, poznatu i kao Priručnik za vatrenog patka, koju je sredinom 14. veka napisao kineski artiljerijski oficir Đao Ju. U ovom tekstu se pominje prva poznata višestepena raketa, „vatreni zmaj koji izlazi iz vode“ (Huo long chu shui), za koju se smatra da ju je koristila kineska mornarica.[5]

Srednjovekovne i rano-moderne rakete vojno su korišćene kao zapaljivo oružje u opsadama. Između 1270. i 1280. godine Hasan al-Ramah napisao je al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya (Knjiga o vojnom konjištvu i genijalnim ratnim uređajima), koja je obuhvatala 107 recepata za barut, od kojih 22 za rakete.[6][7] U Evropi je Konrad Kajzer opisao rakete u svom vojnom spisu Belifortis oko 1405. godine.[8]

Delovi uredi

Raketa se sastoji od sledećih delova kao minimum: raketni motor, gorivna smeša, telo rakete i uređaj za stabilizaciju i vođenje rakete. Rakete sa raketnim motorima na tečno gorivo još minimalno zahtevaju i rezervoare goriva i oksidans (umesto gorivne smeše).

Korišćenje uredi

Rakete se koriste u vojne i mirnodopske svrhe.

U vojnoj nameni, raketama se nazivaju mnogi projektili sa raketnim motorom i bojnim glavama, raznih veličina i dometa, za napade na kopnene, morske i vazdušne ciljeve. Takođe, nalaze upotrebu i za signalizaciju, evakuaciju posada aviona, skraćeno poletanje aviona i drugo.

U mirnodopske svrhe, rakete se koriste za lansiranje veštačkih satelita, istraživanje svemira, protivgradnu odbranu, signalizaciju i druge svrhe.

Rad uredi

Raketa sa sobom nosi kiseonik ili drugi oksidans sa vezanim kiseonikom u posebnom rezervoaru (ako koristi raketni motor na tečno gorivo), jer je kiseonik neophodan za sagorevanje, a u svemiru ga nema. Raketa sa motorom na čvrsto gorivo obično ima oksidans već pomešan sa gorivom u jednu masu (najjednostavnija smeša je crni barut), pa joj nije poteban poseban rezervoar sa oksidansom.

Sagorevanjem goriva uz prisustvo oksidansa u komori za sagorevanje, dolazi do izlaska sagorelih gasova kroz specijalno profilisani deo mlaznika (suženo grlo). Posle prolaska kroz suženo grlo mlaznika, gde je pritisak gasova povećan, dolazi do naglog širenja mlaznika u vidu „zvona“. Naglo opada pritisak, ali raste brzina gasova, koji izlaze stvarajući koristan potisak.

Motori rakete za svemirske misije moraju biti dovoljno snažni da bi savladali silu gravitacije, i raketa mora biti višestepena da bi se postigla prva kosmička brzina.

Raketna jednačina Ciolkovskog uredi

  je najveća teorijska promena u brzini rakete bez uticaja gravitacije ili otpora vazduha. Ova promena brzine se može izračunati iz raketne jednačine Ciolkovskog:

 

gde je:

  je ukupna početna masa, uključujući gorivo u Kg
  je ukupna završna masa, u Kg
  je brzina isticanja gasova iz motora u m/s, gde je  
  je promena brzine u m/s

Raketni centri i agencije uredi

Najveći raketni centri nalaze se u SAD, Kazahstanu i Rusiji. Najpoznatije svemirske agencije na svetu su: ESA (engl. European Space Agency), NASA (engl. National Aeronautics and Space Administration) i Roskosmos, (rus. Федеральное космическое агентство России).

Reference uredi

  1. ^ Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2001). Rocket Propulsion Elements. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-32642-7. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 1. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2016. 
  2. ^ MSFC History Office. „Rockets in Ancient Times (100 B.C. to 17th Century)”. A Timeline of Rocket History. NASA. Arhivirano iz originala 2009-07-09. g. Pristupljeno 2009-06-28. 
  3. ^ "Rockets appear in Arab literature in 1258 A.D., describing Mongol invaders' use of them on February 15 to capture the city of Baghdad.". „A brief history of rocketry”. NASA Spacelink. Arhivirano iz originala 2006-08-05. g. Pristupljeno 2006-08-19. 
  4. ^ Crosby, Alfred W. (2002). Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 100–103. ISBN 978-0-521-79158-8. 
  5. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 510.
  6. ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. „Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries”. History of Science and Technology in Islam. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 2. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 29. 3. 2008. 
  7. ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. „Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries”. History of Science and Technology in Islam. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 3. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2008-03-29. 
  8. ^ Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (2004). Rockets and missiles : the life story of a technology. Westport: Greenwood Press. str. 10. ISBN 978-0-313-32795-7. 

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Spoljašnje veze uredi

 
Raketa na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.

Upravljačke agencije

Informativne stranice

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