Rigveda
Rigveda (sanskrit: ऋग्वेद ṛg-vedá - pohvala znanju)[1] najstariji spomenik indijske književnosti, u 10 knjiga.[2] To je jedan od četiri sveta kanonska teksta (śruti) hinduizma poznat kao Vede.[3][4] Rigvedu čini 1028 himni (ovom kontekstu himna označava pesmu verskog sadržaja i religiozne svrhe) napisanih u više od deset hiljada strofa sa preko 150.000 reči. Smatra se da su najstariji delovi Rigvede nastali već oko 1300. godine p. n. e, što može da izgleda kao veoma rano za jedno tako značajno delo, ali treba imati na umu i činjenicu da Rigveda ima svoje korene u veoma dalekoj prošlosti. Njeni rani slojevi su jedan od najstarijih postojećih tekstova na bilo kom indoevropskom jeziku.[5][note 1] Zvukovi i tekstovi Rigvede se usmeno prenošeni od 2. milenijuma pre nove ere.[7][8][9] Filološki i lingvistički dokazi ukazuju da je glavnina Rigvede Samhita bila sačinjena u severozapadnom regionu (Pandžab) Indijskog potkontinenta, najverovatnije između 1500. i 1200. p. n. e,[10][11][12] iako je kao šira aproksimacija dato je i oko 1700–1100. p. n. e.[13][14][note 2]
Neki od bogova koji su opevani u rgvedskim himnama, kao na primer Varuna, Mitra i Indra, tri velika boga Rigvede, slavljeni su i ranije, u manje ili više drugačijem obliku, u vreme indoevropske zajednice, zatim kod starih Grka, i kod plemena koja su kasnije naselila područja današnje Indije i Irana. Susret arijskih došljaka i dravidskih stanovnika u slivu reke Ind, uslovno rečeno, proizveo je još bogova.
U rigvedskim himnama se možu osetiti nasleđe duge i drevne pesničke tradicije i usmenih predanja. Struktura i oblik himni često su veoma zamršeni, teme koje su opevane vrlo raznolike kao i duhovni horizonti pesnika: tu su strofe u kojima se pokušava ostvariti komunikacija sa bogovima, ali one koje svedoče o svetovnim i metafizičkim razmišljanjima autora.
Tekst je slojevit i sastoji se od Samhita, Brahmana, Aranjakas i Upanišads.[note 3] Rigveda Samhita je osnovni tekst i predstavlja zbirku od 10 knjiga (maṇḍala) sa 1.028 himni (sūkta) u oko 10.600 stihova (zvanih ṛc, eponimskih po imenu Rigveda). U osam knjiga - knjige 2 do 9 - koje su nastale najranije, himne pretežno raspravljaju o kosmologiji i slave božanstva.[15][16] Novije knjige (1. i 10. knjiga) delom se bave i filozofskim ili spekulativnim pitanjima,[16] vrlinama kao što je dāna (dobročinstvo) u društvu,[17] pitanjima o poreklu univerzuma i prirodi božanskog,[18][19] i drugim metafizičkim pitanjima u njihovim himnama.[20]
Neki od njegovih stihova nastavljaju da se recituju tokom hinduističkih obreda proslava (poput venčanja) i molitvi, što ovo delo čini verovatno najstarijim verskim tekstom na svetu, koji se i dalje koristi.[21][22]
Sadržaj uredi
Himne u Rigvedi posvećene su različitim božanstvima. Indra je jedan od najvažnijih, a tu su i Agni, žrtveni plamen, i Soma, sveti napitak i biljka od koje se napitak pravi. Isto tako, važni su i Mitra, Varuna, Savitr, Višnu, Rudra, Pušan, Brihaspati (ili Brahmanaspati), te prirodne pojave: Prithivi (Majka Zemlja), Surja (Sunce), Vata (Vetar), Apas (Voda), Parjanija (Grom i Kiša), Vac (Reč), mnoge reke i ostali. Osim božanstava, himne pominju i ličnosti, koncepte, pojave, predmete, fragmente mogućih stvarnih istorijskih događaja (borbe prvih Arijaca protiv neprijatelja).
Rigveda se satoji od deset knjiga - mandala - sa određenim brojem himni u svakoj (prva i deseta imaju po 191 himni i najveće su, ostale mandale imaju od 43 do 114 himne).
Rgveda je deklamovana tokom (žrtvenih) obreda, najčešće su to radili vrhovni sveštenici, mada pojedine himne imaju i nesumnjivu pesničku vrednost, a postoje i brojne paralele sa večnim pitanjima i temama obrađenim u kasnijim religioznim i svetovnim delima.
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Notes uredi
- ^ According to Edgar Polome, the Hittite language Anitta text from the 17th century BCE is older. This text is about the conquest of Kanesh city of Anatolia, and mentions the same Indo-European gods as in the Rigveda.[6]
- ^ It is certain that the hymns of the Rig Veda post-date Indo-Iranian separation of ca. 2000 BCE and probably that of the relevant Mitanni documents of oko 1400 BCE. Philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the second millennium:
- Max Müller: "the hymns of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C."[23]
- The EIEC (s.v. Indo-Iranian languages, p. 306) gives 1500–1000 BCE.
- Flood and Witzel both mention oko 1500–1200 BCE.[10][11]
- Anthony mentions oko 1500–1300 BCE.[12]
- Thomas Oberlies (Die Religion des Rgveda, 1998, p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100 BCE.[24] Oberlies 1998, str. 155 gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10.[25]
- Witzel 1995, str. 4 mentions oko 1500–1200 BCE. According to Witzel 1997, str. 263, the whole Rig Vedic period may have lasted from c. 1900 BCE to c. 1200 BCE: "the bulk of the RV represents only 5 or 6 generations of kings (and of the contemporary poets)24 of the Pūru and Bharata tribes. It contains little else before and after this “snapshot” view of contemporary Rgvedic history, as reported by these contemporary “tape recordings.” On the other hand, the whole Rgvedic period may have lasted even up to 700 years, from the infiltration of the Indo-Aryans into the subcontinent, c. 1900 B.C. (at the utmost, the time of collapse of the Indus civilization), up to c. 1200 B.C., the time of the introduction of iron which is first mentioned in the clearly post-gvedic hymns of the Atharvaveda."
- ^ The associated material has been preserved from two shakhas or "schools", known as Śākalya and Bāṣkala. The school-specific commentaries are known as Brahmanas (Aitareya-brahmana and Kaushitaki-brahmana) Aranyakas (Aitareya-aranyaka and Kaushitaki-aranyaka), and Upanishads (partly excerpted from the Aranyakas: Bahvrca-brahmana-upanishad, Aitareya-upanishad, Samhita-upanishad, Kaushitaki-upanishad).
Reference uredi
- ^ Derived from the root ṛc "to praise", cf. Dhātupātha 28.19. Monier-Williams translates Rigveda as "a Veda of Praise or Hymn-Veda".
- ^ Jamison & Brereton 2014, str. 3 harvnb greška: više ciljeva (3×): CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014 (help)
- ^ Michael Witzel (1997), The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu, Harvard University, in Witzel 1997, str. 259–264
- ^ de Nicholas 2003, str. 273
- ^ Bryant 2015, str. 565–566
- ^ Polome, Edgar (2010). Per Sture Ureland, ur. Entstehung von Sprachen und Völkern: glotto- und ethnogenetische Aspekte europäischer Sprachen. Walter de Gruyter. str. 51. ISBN 978-3-11-163373-2.
- ^ Wood 2007.
- ^ Hexam 2011, str. chapter 8.
- ^ Dwyer 2013.
- ^ a b Flood 1996, str. 37.
- ^ a b Witzel 1995, str. 4.
- ^ a b Anthony 2007, str. 454.
- ^ Oberlies 1998 p. 158
- ^ Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman (2014). Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities. Routledge. str. 179.
- ^ Werner 1994
- ^ a b Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199370184. str. 4, 7–9.
- ^ C Chatterjee (1995), Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview Arhivirano 2015-04-15 na sajtu Archive.today, Journal of Human Values, Vol 1, No 1, pp. 3–12;
Original text translated in English: The Rig Veda, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T. H. Griffith (Translator); - ^
- Original Sanskrit: Rigveda 10.129 Wikisource;
- Translation 1: Muller, Max (1859). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate, London. str. 559—565.
- Translation 2: Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
. Paulist Press. str. 21. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8. - Translation 3: Christian, David (2011). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History . University of California Press. str. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-520-95067-2.
- Translation 4: Bellah, Robert N. (2011). Religion in Human Evolution. Harvard University Press. str. 510—511. ISBN 978-0-674-06309-9.
- ^ Examples:
Verse 1.164.34, "What is the ultimate limit of the earth?", "What is the center of the universe?", "What is the semen of the cosmic horse?", "What is the ultimate source of human speech?"
Verse 1.164.34, "Who gave blood, soul, spirit to the earth?", "How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world?"
Verse 1.164.5, "Where does the sun hide in the night?", "Where do gods live?"
Verse 1.164.6, "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe?";
Verse 1.164.20 (a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul): "Two birds with fair wings, inseparable companions; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree. One incessantly eats from the fig tree; the other, not eating, just looks on.";
Rigveda Book 1, Hymn 164 Wikisource;
See translations of these verses: Jamison, Stephanie W.; Brereton, Joel (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1. - ^ de Nicholas 2003, str. 64–69; Gonda, Jan. A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads. 1, Part 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. str. 134—135. ISBN 978-3447016032.;
- ^ Klostermaier, Klaus (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. str. 6. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3.
- ^ Kurtz, Lester (2015). Gods in the Global Village. SAGE Publications. str. 64. ISBN 978-1483374123., Quote: "The 1,028 hymns of the Rigveda are recited at initiations, weddings and funerals...."
- ^ Müller 1892.
- ^ Oberlies 1998, str. 158.
- ^ Oberlies 1998, str. 155.
Literatura uredi
- Kurtz, Lester (2015). Gods in the Global Village. SAGE Publications. str. 64. ISBN 978-1483374123.
- Klostermaier, Klaus (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. str. 6. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3.
- Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman (2014). Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities. Routledge. str. 179.
- Werner, Karel (1994). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1049-3.
- de Nicholas, Antonio (2003). Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man. str. 273. ISBN 978-0595269259.
- Bryant, Edwin F. (2015). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. str. 565—566. ISBN 978-1-4299-9598-6.
- Jamison, Stephanie W.; Brereton, Joel (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. str. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.
- Polome, Edgar (2010). Per Sture Ureland, ur. Entstehung von Sprachen und Völkern: glotto- und ethnogenetische Aspekte europäischer Sprachen. Walter de Gruyter. str. 51. ISBN 978-3-11-163373-2.
- Jamison, Stephanie W.; Brereton, Joel P. (2014). The Rigveda. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4.
- editio princeps: Friedrich Max Müller, The Hymns of the Rigveda, with Sayana's commentary, London, 1849–75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890–92.
- Theodor Aufrecht, 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877.
- Sontakke, N. S. (1933). Rgveda-Samhitā: Śrimat-Sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā. Sāyanachārya (commentary) (First izd.). Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala.. The Editorial Board for the First Edition included N. S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V. K. Rājvade, M. M. Vāsudevaśāstri, and T. S. Varadarājaśarmā.
- B. van Nooten und G. Holland, Rig Veda, a metrically restored text, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
- Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H. H. Wilson, Ed. W. F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar,Delhi-7.
- Sayana (14th century)
- ed. Müller 1849–75 (German translation);
- ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts).
- ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes.
- Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala, Pune-9, 1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts).
- Sri Aurobindo, Hymns to the Mystic Fire (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin. ISBN 978-0-914955-22-1. Rig Veda - Hymns to the Mystic Fire - Sri Aurobindo - INDEX
- Raimundo Pannikar (1972), The Vedic Experience, University of California Press
- Vashishtha Narayan Jha, A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992).
- Bjorn Merker, Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective, Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988.
- Thomas Oberlies, Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien 1998.
- Oldenberg, Hermann (1894). Hymnen des Rigveda. 1. Teil: Metrische und textgeschichtliche Prolegomena. Berlin 1888. (please add), Wiesbaden 1982.
- —Die Religion des Veda. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
- —Vedic Hymns, The Sacred Books of the East Vol l. 46 ed. Friedrich Max Müller, Oxford 1897
- Adolf Kaegi, The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint. ISBN 978-1-4179-8205-9..
- Mallory, J. P.; et al. (1989). „Indo-Iranian Languages in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture”. Fitzroy Dearborn (објављено 1997).
- Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press
- Avari, Burjor (2007), India: The Ancient Past, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9
- Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
- Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
- Erdosy, George (1995). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5.
- Possehl, Gregory; Witzel, Michael (2002). „Vedic”. Ур.: Peter N. Peregrine; Ember, Melvin. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4684-7135-9.
- Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International.
- Talageri, Shrikant: The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis. 2000. ISBN 978-81-7742-010-4.
- Witzel, Michael (1995), „Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state” (PDF), EJVS, 1 (4), Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 20. 2. 2012. g.
- Witzel, Michael (1997), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
- GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691604411. str. 5–6, 109–110, 180.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Devanagari and transliteration experimental online text at: sacred-texts.com
- ITRANS, Devanagari, transliteration online text and PDF, several versions prepared by Detlef Eichler
- Transliteration, metrically restored Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (4. mart 2016) online text, at: Linguistics Research Center, Univ. of Texas
- The Hymns of the Rigveda, Editio Princeps by Friedrich Max Müller (large PDF files of book scans). Two editions: London, 1877 (Samhita and Pada texts) and Oxford, 1890–92, with Sayana's commentary.
- Rigveda na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Rigvedic Dictionary by Hermann Grassmann (online database, uni-koeln.de)