Strip
Strip je priča predstavljena nizom slika praćenih tekstualnim dijalogom i objašnjenjima.[1][2] U skorije vreme postoje i stripovi samo u slikama, bez teksta.
Danas se obično strip smatra vrstom umetnosti, čak je poznat i kao „deveta umetnost“ i kategoriše se da pripada likovnim, dramskim i književnim vrstama umetnosti. Sredinom 20. veka došlo je do snažne polarizacije angloameričkog stripa na superherojske i novinske stripove (comics) i na nezavisni strip, koji insistira na supkulturnoj tradiciji, odnosno grafički roman (graphic novels).[3] Međutim, postoje teoretičari koji se ne slažu s tim i strip smatraju narativnom, ali ne i književnom formom.[4]
Razlikuju se više žanrova stripa: naučna fantastika, fantastika, superheroji, vestern, pustolovni, horor, erotski, komični i kriminalistički strip.
Istorijat uredi
Koreni likovnog pripovedanja nalaze se u pećinskom slikarstvu evropskog gornjeg paleolita, da bi kroz istoriju strip dobio više svojih oblika: narodne grafike, freske, žitijne ikone, novinski strip, stripske sveske i albumi, murali i veb-strip.
Začetkom stripa se smatra još Trajanov stub na kom je uklesan niz slika koji čini priču, a slične tvorevine su pronađene i u Staroj Grčkoj i Starom Egiptu u hijeroglifima i na tapiserijama. Sa pronalaskom štamparske prese počeo je da se razvija i crtež uz tekst. U početku su slike bile isključivo verskog karaktera, da bi u 17. i 18. veku strip postao pretežno satiričan i komičan.[5]
Moderni svetski strip je počeo da se formira u današnjem obliku sredinom 19. veka. Strip se danas u nekim zemljama kao što su Francuska, Italija, SAD, Japan, Srbija i druge zemlje bivše SFRJ, tretira kao visoka umetnička forma, društveno je omiljen i izučava se na akademskom nivou.
Najstariji nacrtani superheroj je Supermen koji je nastao u prvoj strip knjizi 1938. godine. Nacrtao ga je Džo Šuster, a doradio Džeri Sigl. Supermen je ubrzo postao vrlo popularan, a u stripove je uveden novi žanr sa superherojima. Veliku popularnost je stekao i strip sa Piterom Parkerom, koji je bio srednjoškolski štreber, a nakon ujeda radioaktivnog pauka se transformisao u Spajdermena, čoveka pauka. Strip sa Spajdermenom je izašao 1962. godine, a kreirao ga je Stiv Ditko. Jedan od najpoznatijih crtača stripova je Alan Mur, dok je Frenk Miler poznat po mračnim stripovima. Stripovi su nekad poslužili i kao osnove filmova, kao što je režiser Robert Rodrigez snimio film po stripu Grad greha.[6][7]
Strip u svetu uredi
Danas postoje tri glavna centra stripa koja imaju potpuno različite tradicije i nastanak stripa. Centri se dele prema državama i razlikujemo centre u Francuskoj i Belgiji, u Japanu i SAD.
Centar u Francuskoj i Belgiji uredi
Francuska i Belgija oduvek neguju umetničku stranu stripa, a sa usponom stripa za odrasle šezdesetih godina prošlog veka, strip počinje da se tretira kao prava umetnost. Francuski strip je obično izdavan na kvalitetnoj hartiji u formatu albuma sa tvrdim koricama na četrdesetak velikih stranica.[8]
Najčuveniji autori ovog centra strpa su Belgijanac Žorž Remi poznat pod pseudonimom Erže, autor Tintina, zatim Uderco koji je pisao i ilustrovao stripove Asteriks, Umpah Pah, Tangi i Laverdir i Moris, autor Taličnog Toma.[9]
U Francuskoj poznati stripovi su: Asteriks, Gaston/Gaša, Torgal, Ratnici sa Akbara, a najpopularniji belgijski stripovi su: Talični Tom, XIII, Iznogud, Džeremaja i Tintin. Izdvajaju se i čuveni italijanski stripovi, kao što su: Alan Ford, Korto Malteze, Dilan Dog, Kapetan Miki, Zagor, Teks Viler, Martin Misterija, Mister No.
Centar u Japanu uredi
Japanski strip je mlađi od centara i u Evropi i Americi, ali i najveći od ova tri centra. Japanski stripovi manga čine 40% ukupnog štampanog materijala u Japanu. Svaki mesec izlazi oko 350 strip-magazina i oko 500 stripova. Izdaju se u sveskama od dvestotinak stranica (tankobon), a nije neobično da serija dosegne i do 10.000 stranica i zbog toga se u japanskim stripovima akcenat stavlja na radnju, dok je crtež sporedan. Poseban fenomen japanskog centra stripa je dodžinši, ogromno tržište amaterskih stripova.[10]
Najpoznatiji autor je Osamu Tezuka koji je napisao stripove Astro Boj i Blekdžek.
Centar u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama uredi
U SAD masovna potrošnja stripova nastala je tek pojavom superheroja, koji i danas čini osnovu američke industrije stripa.
Sredinom 20. veka došlo je do snažne polarizacije angloameričkog stripa na superherojske i novinske stripove (comics) i na nezavisni strip, koji insistira na supkulturnoj tradiciji, odnosno grafički roman (graphic novels).[3] Postoji razlika između comic books, koje se prodaju u formi sveščica od dvadesetak stranica i smatraju se razbibrigom, i grafičkih romana, koji su u obliku albuma i pravljen su ca umetničkim pretenzijama.[11]
Najslavniji autor Američkog centra je Frenk Miler, autor stripova kao što su Povratak Crnog Viteza, Grad greha.
Poznati svetski izdavači stripa su: Marvel, DC, Dargo i Serđo Boneli editore.[12]
Strip u Srbiji uredi
Kultura stripa je kod nas stekla popularnost delimično kroz strane, a delimično kroz naše stripove poput: Faktor 4, Divlja magija, Dikan, Mirko i Slavko, Ket Klou, Generacija Tesla, Borci sumraka, Kobra (strip), Vekovnici i Tehnotajz.
Istorijat razvoja domaćeg stripa uredi
Od 21. oktobra 1934. u Srbiji su počele da se objavljuju prevedene moderne strane novinske crtane priče, a već početkom 1935. je nastalo prvi originalni strip na srpskom jeziku autora Vlaste Beklića. Stripove na domaćem jeziku su u ovih nekoliko godina predratne epohe štampala dva domaća časopisa: Mika Miš i Mikijevo carstvo, a iz tog perioda je ostao veoma mali broj originala.
Nakon rata, 1945. godine, novouspostavljeni komunistički režim zabranio je strip kao štampanu formu. Pedesetih godina se on pojavio na nekoliko mesta, ali pošto nikakve reakcije od strane vlasti nisu stizale, strip je lako pronašao tržište i ponovo postao redovna štampa. Kroz strip posle Drugog svetskog rata su stvarali mnogi umetnici iz različitih grafičkih disciplina, a prvenstveno karikaturisti. Stil stripa se menjao, a veliki uticaj promeni pristupa kreiranja je imala omladinska štampa koja je kroz različite publikacije uvela avangardu u strip. Devedesete godine obeležene građanskim ratom ponovo su dovele do prekida izdavanja domaćeg stripa u do tada najvećim neprikosnovenim velikim izdavačkim kućama, a u tom periodu domaći strip je izdavalo samo nekoliko malih alternativnih izdavača.[13]
Strip u Srbiji danas uredi
U Srbiji danas postoji nekoliko stripskih škola.
- Strip se u okviru primenjene grafike izučava na Fakultetu primenjenih umetnosti u Beogradu i u okviru opšte scenaristike na Fakultetu dramskih umetnosti u Beogradu.
- Specijalizovani kursevi stripa postoje u Školi stripa i ilustracije „Đorđe Lobačev“ sa sedištem u Studentskom kulturnom centru u Beogradu i odeljenjem u Klubu „Dragon“ u Novom Sadu, pod vođstvom likovnog umetnika Vladimira Vesovića, kao i Škola stripa u Leskovcu, gde mentorišu Marko Stojanović i Srđan Nikolić.[14]
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika, Vladimir Anić, Novi Liber, Zagreb, 1998.
- ^ Popović, Tanja. Rečnik književnih termina. Beograd: Logos Art : Edicija. str. 701. ISBN 978-86-7360-064-2.
- ^ a b „strip”. Hrvatska enciklopedija. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Pristupljeno 26. 12. 2018.
- ^ Стрип: Neil Cohn и Thierry Groensteen, Pristupljeno 25.10.2013.
- ^ Историја стрипа, Pristupljeno 25.10.2013.
- ^ Стрип јунаци, Pristupljeno 25.10.2013.
- ^ Суперхероји Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (1. april 2013), Pristupljeno 25.10.2013.
- ^ Историја француско-белгијског стрипа, Pristupljeno 27.10.2013.
- ^ Француско-белгијски стипови Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. oktobar 2013), Pristupljeno 25.10.2013.
- ^ Шта су манга и аниме Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. oktobar 2013), Pristupljeno 27.10.2013.
- ^ Кратка историја америчког стрипа, Pristupljeno 27.10.2013.
- ^ Времеплов стрипа, Pristupljeno 27.10.2013.
- ^ Век стрипа у Србији, Pristupljeno 27.10.2013.
- ^ Алтернативни стрип у Србији, Pristupljeno 27.10.2013.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Strip na sajtu Curlie
- UPPS - Udruženje za promociju i produkciju stripa (jezik: srpski)
- Knjižara i prodavnica stripova u Beogradu Alan Ford (jezik: srpski)
- Baza stripova (jezik: engleski)
- Studentski kulturni centar (jezik: srpski)
- The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship
- ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies
- Image [& Narrative] Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (6. novembar 2020)
- International Journal of Comic Art Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (14. januar 2013)
- Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics
- Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
- Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
- Comic Art Collection at the University of Missouri
- Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco
- Time Archives' Collection of Comics
- „Comics in the National Art Library”. Prints & Books. Victoria and Albert Museum. Arhivirano iz originala 4. 11. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 15. 3. 2011.
- Comic Book Database Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (17. decembar 2019)
- Grand Comics Database