Tri kraljevstva
Period triju država (trad. kin. 三國 / 時代, uprošć. kin. 三国 / 时代, pin. Sānguó / Shídài) je naziv za period kineske istorije nakon kolapsa dinastije Han, odnosno početak viševjekovnog doba političke nestabilnosti i razjedinjenosti poznatog kao Šest dinastija. U užem smislu se pod time podrazumijeva period koji je počeo kada je godine 220. osnovana nezavisna država Cao Vej na sjeveru Kine, a prestao godine 280. kada je Kina ponovno politički ujedinjena pod vlašću dinastije Jin.[1] Veliki dio kineskih i drugih istoričara, pak, početak perioda smješta u godinu 184. kada je izbio ustanak Žutih turbana.
| Tri kraljevstva 三国时代 | |
|---|---|
| Pad dinastije Han - 189–220 Glavni period tri kraljevstva - 220–280 | |
 Vremenski period višestrukih osvajanja i teritorijalnih promena u doba Tri kraljevstva |
Tri kraljevstva po kojima je period dobio ime su bili: Vej na sjeveru, Šu na jugozapadu i Vu na jugoistoku. Istoričari su im kasnije dali imena Cao Vej, Šu Han i Istočni Vu kako bi ih mogli razlikovati od istoimenih država u ranijim i kasnijim periodima. Iako se u stranim prevodima nazivaju kraljevstvima, ispravniji naziv za svaku od tih država bi trebalo da bude carstvo, s obzirom da su se vladari sve tri države nazivali carevima, odnosno legitimnim nasljednicima prijestolja svrgnute dinastije. Uprkos tome što bi naziv Tri carstva trebalo da bude ispravniji[2], izraz Tri kraljevstva je postao standard među sinolozima.
Period Tri kraljevstva jedan je od najkrvavijih u kineskoj istoriji.[3] Popis širom zemlje koji je održan 280. godine nove ere, nakon ponovnog ujedinjenja Tri kraljevstva pod Đinom, pokazuje ukupno 2.459.840 domaćinstava i 16.163.863 individua, što je bio samo mali deo od 10.677.960 domaćinstava, a 56.486.856 osoba prijavljenih u doba Hana.[4] Iako popis nije bio naročito tačan zbog mnoštva faktora tog vremena, 280. godine Đin predstavnicu su pokušali da pregrje sve pojedince gde je to bilo moguće.[5]
Tehnologija je u tom periodu značajno napredovala. Šuski kancelar Zhuge Ljang izumie je drvenog vola i predložio da se koristi kao jedan rani oblik kolica,[6] a isto tako je poboljšao i repetirajući samostrel.[7] Vejskog mašinskog inženjera Ma Đuen mnogi smatraju ravnopravnim sa svojim prethodnikom Džangom Hengom.[8] On je izumio mehaničko lutkarsko pozorište na hidraulični pogon dizajnirano za cara Minga Veja, lančane pumpe sa kvadratnom paletom za navodnjavanje vrtova u Luojangu, i genijalni dizajn kočija usmerenih prema jugu, nemagnetnog kompasa za smer kojim upravljaju diferencijalni zupčanici.ref>Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. str. 351. ISBN 978-0810860537.</ref>
Iako relativno kratak, ovaj istorijski period je u velikoj meri romantizovan u kulturama Kine, Japana, Koreje i Vijetnama.[9] Proslavljen je i popularizovan u operama, narodnim pričama, romanima i u novije vreme, filmovima, televiziji i video igrama. Najpoznatiji od njih je istorijski roman Romansa tri kraljevstva Luo Guandžunga, istorijski roman iz dinastije Ming zasnovan na događajima iz perioda Tri kraljevstva.[10] Autoritavni istorijski zapisi tog doba su Zapisi o tri kraljevstva Čen Šoua, zajedno sa kasnijim napomenama teksta Pej Songdžia.
Termin na engleskom jeziku „Tri kraljevstva“ je donekle pogrešan naziv, jer svaku državu na zapravo nije predvodio kralj, već car koji je tvrdio da ima sizerenstvo nad čitavom Kinom.[11] Ipak, izraz „Tri kraljevstva“ postao je standard među sinolozima koji govore engleski.
Reference uredi
- ^ Kang, Youwei (2013-10-21). 歐洲十一國遊記二種 (na jeziku: kineski). 群出版. str. 98.
- ^ Chinaknowledge, Chinese History - Three Kingdoms, Pristupljeno 25. 4. 2013.
- ^ „History of Three Kingdoms Period 220–280; Jin Dynasty, 265–420; Northern and Southern Dynasties, 304–589; Sui Dynasty 581-617”.
- ^ Dreyer, Edward L. 2009. “Military Aspects of the War of the Eight Princes, 300–307.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, edited by Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 112–142. ISBN 978-0674031098.
- ^ Hans Bielenstein. Chinese historical demography A.D. 2-1982. Östasiatiska museet. p 17
- ^ Breverton, Terry (2013). Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions (Unabridged izd.). Quercus. ISBN 978-1623652340.
- ^ Szczepanski, Kallie. „The Invention of the Crossbow”. About.com. Arhivirano iz originala 02. 04. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 31. 3. 2015.
- ^ Hong-Sen Yan (2007). Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery (Online-Ausg. izd.). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media. str. 129. ISBN 978-1402064609.
- ^ 佚名 (januar 2013). Chinese History. ISBN 9781921678882.
- ^ „Romance of the Three Kingdoms: China's Greatest Epic 三國志演義”. Yellow Bridge. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2015.
- ^ Tanner, Harold Miles (13. 3. 2009). China: A History. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing. str. 141—142. ISBN 978-0872209152.
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