Francuski i indijanski ratovi
Francuski i indijanski ratovi bili su niz sukoba koji su se dogodili u Severnoj Americi između 1688. i 1763. godine, od kojih su neki indirektno bili povezani sa evropskim dinastičkim ratovima.
Naslov Francuski i indijanski rat[1][2][3][4][5][6] u jednini koristi se u Sjedinjenim Državama posebno za ratovanje 1754–63, što se uglavnom podudara sa Sedmogodišnjim ratom.[7][8] Francuskom i Indijanskom ratu prethodili su dabarski ratovi.
U Kvebeku se različiti ratovi uglavnom nazivaju Interkolonijalni ratovi. U nekim sukobima učestvovale su španske i holandske snage, ali sve je uništilo Kraljevinu Veliku Britaniju, njene kolonije i njihove indijanske saveznike na jednoj strani protiv Francuske, njenih kolonija i indijanskih saveznika na drugoj. Glavni uzrok ratova bila je želja svake zemlje da preuzme kontrolu nad unutrašnjim teritorijama Amerike, kao i nad regionom oko zaliva Hudson ; obojica su se smatrala ključnim za dominaciju u trgovini krznom.
Pregled uredi
Severnoamerički ratovi i njihovi povezani evropski ratovi uredi
Godine rata | Severnoamerički rat | Evropski rat | Sporazum |
---|---|---|---|
1688–1697 | Rat kralja Vilijama
1. međubojni rat (na francuskom ) [9] |
Rat Velikog Saveza
Rat Lige Augsburga |
Risvicki sporazum (1697) |
1702–1713 | Rat kraljice Ane
2. međubojni rat |
Rat za špansko nasleđe | Utrehtski sporazum (1713) |
1744–1748 | Rat kralja Džordža
3. interkolonijalni rat |
Rat za austrijsko nasleđe | Ahenski mir (1748) |
1754–1763 | Francuski i indijanski rat
4. međukolonijalni Rat ili osvajački rat (u Kvebeku) [10] 6. indijski rat [11] |
Sedmogodišnji rat | Pariski mir (1763) |
Imenovanje sukoba nakon dana britanskog monarha je konvencija u istoriji Sjedinjenih Država koja se odnosi na njegovo rano evropsko naseljavanje kao većinsko-engleske kolonije. Kanadska konvencija koristi naziv šireg evropskog sukoba (npr. „Rat Velikog saveza“, a ne „rat kralja Vilijama“) ili se odnosi na ratove kao međukolonijalni ratovi.
Kako su trajali ratovi, vojna prednost se kretala prema britanskoj strani. To je uglavnom rezultat veće populacije i proizvodnih kapaciteta britanskih kolonija u poređenju s Francuskom. Pored toga, Britanci su imali veću sposobnost ponovnog snabdevanja svojih kolonija i projektiranja vojne snage morskim putem. U prva tri sukoba, Francuzi su uspeli da nadoknade ove faktore u velikoj meri efikasnijom mobilizacijom indijanskih saveznika, ali oni su na kraju prevladali u četvrtom i poslednjem ratu.
Velika pobeda Britanaca odigrala je ulogu u eventualnom gubitku njihovih trinaest američkih kolonija. Bez pretnje francuskom invazijom, američke kolonije nisu imale potrebu za britanskom vojnom zaštitom. Pored toga, američki narod je zamerio britanskim naporima da ograniče svoju kolonizaciju novih francuskih teritorija zapadno od Apalačkih planina, kako je navedeno u Proklamaciji iz 1763. godine, u pokušaju da se ublaži napad na indijansku teritoriju. Ovi pritisci su doprineli američkom ratu za nezavisnost.
Prva tri francusko-indijanska rata sledila su isti osnovni obrazac: svi su započeli u Evropi, a zatim su se preselili u Severnu Ameriku. Kad bi sukob prešao u Severnu Ameriku, protiv njega su se uglavnom borile kolonijalne milicije. Konačni sukob pokvario redosled kojim su se ratovi vodili počevši od Severne Amerike. Pored toga, Britanci su uporedo sa kolonijalnim milicijama koristili i redovnije trupe. Vratili su gotovo svu francusku teritoriju zaplenjenu tokom rata. Francuska je bila prisiljena da ustupi svoju veliku teritoriju u današnjoj Kanadi i Luizijani. Britanska pobeda u francuskom i indijanskom ratu smanjila je francusku imperiju Novi svet na Sen Pjer i Mikelon (dva ostrva Njufaundlanda ), nekoliko ostrva Zapadne Indije i Francusku Gvajanu.
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ „French and Indian War”. American History USA (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-07-07.
- ^ M. Brook Taylor, Canadian History: a Reader's Guide: Volume 1: Beginnings to Confederation (1994) pp 39–48, 72–74
- ^ „Seven Years' War”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2019. : 1756–1763
- ^ "The Siege of Quebec: An episode of the Seven Years' War", Canadian National Battlefields Commission, Plains of Abraham website
- ^ Hall, Richard (2016). „The Causes of the French and Indian War and the Origins of the 'Braddock Plan': Rival Colonies and Their Claims to the Disputed Ohio.”. Atlantic Politics, Military Strategy and the French and Indian War: 21—49. ISBN 978-3-319-30664-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30665-0_2.
- ^ Peyser. Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre: Officer, Gentleman, Entrepreneur. Michigan State University Press. str. 221.
- ^ „British History in depth: Was the American Revolution Inevitable?”. BBC History. Pristupljeno 21. 7. 2018. „In 1763, Americans joyously celebrated the British victory in the Seven Years' War, revelling in their identity as Britons and jealously guarding their much-celebrated rights which they believed they possessed by virtue of membership in what they saw as the world's greatest empire.”
- ^ Churchill, Winston (1983). A History of the English Speaking Peoples (Reissue izd.). Dodd Mead. ISBN 978-0-88029-427-0.
- ^ Auguste Carlier, "Histoire du peuple américain. États-Unis, Volume 2", Paris, 1863, p.128
- ^ Marcel Trudel, Guy Frégault, "La guerre de la conquête, 1754-1760", Montréal, 1955
- ^ William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 304
Literatura uredi
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- West, Doug (2016) French and Indian War – A Short History 30 Minute Book Series
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- "The Seven Years' War in Canada", The Quebec History Encyclopedia
- The French and Indian War Website
- Map of French and Indian War. French and British forts and settlements, Indian tribes.
- French and Indian War Profile and Videos – Chickasaw.TV
- The War That Made America from PBS
- FORGOTTEN WAR: Struggle for North America from PBS
- Seven Years' War timeline
- Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (31. децембар 2011) online ebook
- Animated Map of the French and Indian War developed by HistoryAnimated.com