Malajski jezik
Malajski jezik (malajs. Bahasa Melayu)[5] spada u austronežanske jezike. Službeni je jezik Malezije i Bruneja, kao i jedan od službenih jezika u Singapuru. Maternji je jezik oko 77 miliona ljudi,[1] a ukupno ga govori oko 290 miliona ljudi,[6][7] (oko 260 miliona ljudi govori „indonežanski“)[8] širom pomorske jugoistočne Azije. Zvanično pismo je latinica.
Malajski jezik | |
---|---|
Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو | |
Govori se u | Indonezija, Malezija i Brunej |
Broj govornika | 77.000.000 (2007[1]) |
| |
Zvanični status | |
Službeni jezik u | Indonezija[4] Malezija Brunej |
Jezički kodovi | |
ISO 639-1 | ms |
ISO 639-2 | may (B) msa (T) |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Klasifikacija i osobine uredi
Malajski jezik spada u austronežanske jezike zajedno sa malgaškim, tagalogom i mnogim drugim jezicima u jugoistočnoj Aziji i na Pacifiku. Etiketa malajski jezik zapravo obuhvata nekoliko govora koji su međusobno bliski. Najbliži srodnici malajskog jezika su minangkabau i javanski jezik. Indonežanski jezik je standardizovana forma malajskog jezika sa severoistočne Sumatre.
Malajski jezik je aglutinativan. Postoje tri glavna načina stvaranja novih reči: afiksacija, pravljenje složenica i reduplikacija. Ne poznaje kategorije roda i broja.
Prisutne su brojne reči iz stranih jezika: arapskog, sanskrita, tamilskog, holandskog i, u skorije vreme, engleskog.
Poreklo uredi
Malajski istorijski lingvisti se slažu oko verovatnoće da se malajska postojbina nalazi u zapadnom Borneu.[9] Jezička forma poznata kao proto-malajski se govorila na Borneu najmanje do 1000. godine pre nove ere i bila je, kako se tvrdi, jezik predaka svih narednih malajskih jezika. Njegov predak, protomalajo-polinežanski, potomak proto-austronezijskog jezika, počeo je da se raspada najmanje 2000. godine pre nove ere, verovatno kao rezultat ekspanzije austronezijskih naroda ka jugu u pomorsku jugoistočnu Aziju sa ostrva Tajvan.[10]
Istorija uredi
Istorija malajskog jezika može se podeliti na pet perioda: staromalajski, prelazni period, klasični malajski, kasnomoderni malajski i savremeni malajski. Veruje se da je staromalajski stvarni predak klasičnog malajskog.[12]
Staromalajski je bio pod uticajem sanskrita, klasičnog jezika Indije. Sanskritske pozajmljene reči mogu se naći u staromalajskom rečniku. Najraniji poznati kameni natpis na staromalajskom jeziku pronađen je na Sumatri, u Indoneziji, napisan varijantom palavske grantske abecede[13] i datiran je na 1. maj 683. Poznat kao natpis Kedukan Bukit, otkrio ga je Holanđanin M. Batenburg 29. novembra 1920. u Kedukan Bukitu, južna Sumatra, na obalama Tatanga, pritoke reke Musi. To je mali kamen veličine 45 sa 80 cm (18 sa 31 inča).
Drugi dokaz je zakon Tandžung Tana u post-palavskom pismu.[14] Ovaj predislamski pravni tekst iz 14. veka nastao je u Aditjavarmanovoj eri (1345–1377) Darmasraje, hindu-budističkog kraljevstva koje je nastalo nakon završetka vladavine Srividžajana na Sumatri. Zakoni su bili za narod Minangkabau, koji i danas živi u visoravni Sumatre u Indoneziji.
Malajski jezik je ušao u široku upotrebu kao lingva franka u regionu tokom ere Malačkog sultanata (1402–1511). To je bio period kada se malajski jezik brzo razvijao pod uticajem islamske književnosti. Razvoj je promenio prirodu jezika uz masovnu infuziju arapskog, tamilskog i sanskritskog rečnika, nazvanog klasični malajski. Pod Malačkim sultanatom jezik je evoluirao u oblik prepoznatljiv govornicima savremenog malajskog. Kada je dvor prešao na uspostavljanje Džohorskog sultanata, nastavio je da koristi klasični jezik; toliko je postao povezan sa holandskim Rijauom i britanskim Džohorom da se često pretpostavlja da je malajski sa Rijaua blizak klasičnom jeziku. Međutim, ne postoji bliska veza između malačkog malajskog kako se koristi na Rijauu i narodnog jezika Rijaua.[15]
Među najstarijim sačuvanim pismima napisanim na malajskom su pisma sultana Abu Hajata iz Ternata, Molučka ostrva u današnjoj Indoneziji, datirana oko 1521–1522. Tekst je upućen kralju Portugalije, nakon kontakta sa portugalskim istraživačem Fransiskom Seraom.[16] Slova pokazuju znak strane upotrebe; Ternatejci su koristili (i još uvek koriste) nepovezani ternatski jezik, jedan od zapadnopapuanskih jezika, kao svoj maternji jezik. Malajski se koristio isključivo kao lingva franka za međuetničku komunikaciju.[16]
Fraze uredi
- Selamat datang – dobrodošao
- Selamat pagi – dobro jutro
- Selamat petang – dobar dan/dobro veče
- Selamat malam – laku noć
- Terima kasih – hvala
- Sama sama – nema na čemu
- Nama kapu siapa? – kako se zoveš?
- Nama saya... – zovem se...
Izvori uredi
- ^ a b Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ „Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards”. The Star. 26. 8. 2008. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 10. 2012. g.
- ^ Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read & Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca & Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf.
- ^ „East Timor Languages”. www.easttimorgovernment.com. Arhivirano iz originala 4. 3. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 30. 7. 2018.
- ^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistic Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ 10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "Indonesian", etc.
- ^ Uli, Kozok (10. 3. 2012). „How many people speak Indonesian”. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Pristupljeno 20. 10. 2012. „James T. Collins (Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).”
- ^ Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). „Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021”. Journal of Social Work and Science Education. 1 (3): 266—280. doi:10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114 . Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2021.
- ^ Adelaar (2004)
- ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). „The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu” (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (na jeziku: engleski). 32 (3): 315—330. S2CID 62886471. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000169.
- ^ Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay Arhivirano 16 jun 2007 na sajtu Archive.today
- ^ Wurm, Stephen; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. str. 677. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4.
- ^ „Bahasa Melayu Kuno”. Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15. 9. 2007. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 12. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 22. 12. 2010.
- ^ Surakhman, M. Ali (23. 10. 2017). „Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia”. kemdikbud.go.id (na jeziku: indonežanski). Arhivirano iz originala 02. 06. 2023. g. Pristupljeno 25. 04. 2023.
- ^ Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. str. 70. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.
- ^ a b Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. str. 62. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Swadesh list of Malay words
- Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary
- Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu, online Malay language database provided by the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
- Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)
- Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. april 2012) (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)
- The Malay Spelling Reform, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
- Malay Chinese Dictionary
- Malay English Dictionary
- Malay English Translation