Delhijski sultanat
Delhijski sultanat (pers. دهلی سلطان, urd. دہلی سلطنت), bilo je islamsko carstvo bazirano u Delhiju koje se protezalo preko velikog dela Indijskog potkontinenta tokom 320 godina (1206–1526).[5][6] Pet dinastija vladalo je Delhijskim sultanatom jedna za drugom: Mamlučka dinastija (1206–90), Haldžiska dinastija (1290–1320), Tuglak dinastija (1320–1414),[7] Sajidska dinastija (1414–51), i Lodijska dinastija (1451–1526). Sultanat je poznat po tome što je bio jedan od retkih sila koje su odbijale napade Mongola (iz Čagatajskog kanata),[8] što je prouzrokovalo pad budizma u Istočnoj Indiji i Bengalu,[9][10] i ustoličenje jedne od nekoliko ženskih vladara u islamskoj istoriji, Razija Sultana, koja je vladala od 1236. do 1240. godine.[11]
Delhijski sultanat pers. Chirag | |
|---|---|
| 1206–1526 | |
![Delhijski sultanat je dosegao svoj zenit pod turko-indijskom Tuglak dinastijom.[1]](/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG) | |
| Prestonica | |
| Zajednički jezici | persijski (zvanični),[2] hindustanski (1451 nadalje)[3] |
| Religija | sunizam |
| Vlada | sultanat |
| sultan | |
• 1206–1210 | Kutb al-Din Ajbak (prvi) |
• 1517–1526 | Ibrahim Lodi (zadnji) |
| Zakonodavstvo | Korpus od četrdeset |
| Istorijska era | srednji vek |
| 12. jun 1206 | |
| 20. decembar 1305 | |
| 21. april 1526 | |
| Valuta | Taka |
| Danas deo | Bangladeš Indija Pakistan |
Kutb al-Din Ajbak, nekadašnji turkijski mamlučki rob Muhameda Gorija, bio je prvi sultan Delhija, a njegova Mamlučka dinastija osvojila je velika područja severne Indije. Nakon toga, dinastija Haldži je takođe zauzela veći deo centralne Indije, ali ove dinastije nisu uspele da pokore čitav Indijski potkontinent. Sultanat je dostigao vrhunac svog geografskog dosega za vreme Tuglak dinastije, zauzimajući veći deo Indijskog potkontinenta.[12] Nakon toga je usledilo opadanje usled hinduističkih osvajanja, uspostavljanja nezavisnosti država poput Vidžajanagarskog carstva i Mevare, i novih muslimanskih sultanata, poput odvajanja Bengalskog sultanata.[13][14]
Tokom perioda Delhijskog sultanata, došlo je do sinteze indijske i islamske civilizacije, i dalje integracije Indijskog potkontinenta s rastućim svetskim sistemom i širim međunarodnim mrežama koje se protežu u velikim delovima Afro-Euroazije, što je imalo značajan uticaj na indijsku kulturu i društvo, kao i širi svet.[15] Vreme njihove vladavine obuhvatalo je najranije oblike indo-islamske arhitekture,[16][17] veću upotrebu mehaničkih tehnologija,[18] povećanje stope rasta indijskog stanovništva i ekonomije,[19] i pojavu hindi-urdu jezika.[20] Delhijski sultanat je takođe bio zaslužan za odbijanje potencijalno razornih invazija Indije Mongolskog carstva u 13. i 14. veku.[21] Delhijski Sultanat je bio odgovoran za veliko uništavanje i skrnavljenje hramova na Indijskom potkontinentu.[22] Godine 1526. sultanat je osvojilo i nasledilo Mogulsko carstvo.
Reference уреди
- ^ Malik, Jamal (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill Publishers. стр. 104. ISBN 978-9004168596.
- ^ „Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India”. Asi.nic.in. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 9. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 1. 2018.
- ^ Alam, Muzaffar (1998). „The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics”. Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 32 (2): 317—349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. „Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–1555) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).”
- ^ Jackson, Peter (16. 10. 2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. стр. 28. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- ^ Delhi Sultanate, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. стр. 68—102. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Pradeep Barua. The State at War in South Asia. стр. 29—30. ISBN 978-0803213449.
- ^ Randall Collins, The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 184-185
- ^ Lockard, Craig (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History. University of Wisconsin Press. стр. 364. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
- ^ Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. ISBN 978-0691134840., Princeton University Press
- ^ Muḥammad ibn Tughluq Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge. 1998. ISBN 978-0-415-15482-6. стр. 187-190.
- ^ Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, стр. 217, на сајту Гугл књиге, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press
- ^ Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1. 1. 2008), India Before Europe (1st изд.), Cambridge University Press, стр. 50—52, ISBN 978-0-521-51750-8
- ^ A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp. 311-322
- ^ J. A. Page, Guide to the Qutb, Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, page 2-7
- ^ Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History (First MIT Press paperback изд.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. стр. 26–29.
- ^ Madison, Angus (6. 12. 2007). Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history. Oxford University Press. стр. 379. ISBN 978-0-19-922720-4.
- ^ Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008), Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, „... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ...”
- ^ Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1. 1. 2008), India Before Europe (1st изд.), Cambridge University Press, стр. 19, 50—51, ISBN 978-0-521-51750-8
- ^ Eaton, Richard (septembar 2000). „Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States”. Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 283—319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283.
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