Zoniranje
Zoniranje je metoda urbanističkog planiranja u kojoj opština ili drugi nivo vlasti deli zemljište na područja koja se nazivaju zonama, unutar kojih je određeno korišćenje zemljišta dozvoljeno ili zabranjeno.[1] Zone se mogu definisati za namensku upotrebu (npr. stambene, industrijske) ili mogu kombinovati nekoliko kompatibilnih upotreba.
Pravila planiranja mogu se različito definisati za svaku zonu, određujući da li se može dati planska dozvola za izgradnju određenog objekta. Zoniranje može odrediti razne direktne i uslovne namene zemljišta. Ono može ukazivati na veličinu i dimenzije parcela na koje zemljište može biti podeljeno, ili na oblik i razmere zgrada. Ove smernice su uspostavljene radi regulisanja gradskog rasta i razvoja.[2][3]
Zoniranje je najčešći regulatorni metod urbanog planiranja koji koriste lokalne ouprave u razvijenim zemljama.[4][5][6] Izuzeci uključuju Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i grad Hjuston.[7]
OpsegУреди
Primarna svrha zoniranja je razdvajanje upotreba za koje se smatra da su nekompatibilne. U praksi se zoniranje takođe koristi da bi se sprečilo da novi razvoj ometa postojeće namene i/ili da bi se sačuvao „karakter” zajednice.
Zoniranje može obuhvatati regulisanje vrsta aktivnosti koje će biti prihvatljive na određenim parcelama (kao što su otvoreni prostor, stambene, poljoprivredne, komercijalne ili industrijske), gustine pri kojima se te aktivnosti mogu obavljati (od kuća male gustine kao što su samostalni porodični domovi, do velike gustine kao što su stanovi u visokim zgradama), visina zgrada, količina prostora koji strukture mogu da zauzimaju, lokacije zgrade na parceli (udaljenosti), proporcije tipova prostora na parceli, kao što su veličina uređenog prostora, nepropusnih površina, saobraćajnih traka i da li je parkiranje omogućeno ili ne.
ReferenceУреди
- ^ Lamar, Anika (1. 12. 2015). „Zoning as Taxidermy: Neighborhood Conservation Districts and the Regulation of Aesthetics”. Indiana Law Journal.
- ^ Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. National Academy of Sciences. 2009.
- ^ Hodge, Gerald (2014). Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Thomson. стр. 388—390. ISBN 978-0-17-650982-8.
- ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. стр. 784. ISBN 978-0415862875.
- ^ E.g., Lefcoe, George, "The Regulation of Superstores: The Legality of Zoning Ordinances Emerging from the Skirmishes between Wal-Mart and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union" (April 2005). USC Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-12; and USC Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-12. Available at SSRN 712801
- ^ BMVBS - Startseite. Bmvbs.de. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
- ^ „Houston Doesn't have zoning, but there are workarounds”. Rice Kinder Institute for Urban Research. 2020.
LiteraturaУреди
- Taylor, George (2018). Town Planning for Australia (Studies in International Planning History). Routledge. ISBN 978-1138372580.
- Gurran, N., Gallent, N. and Chiu, R.L.H. Politics, Planning and Housing Supply in Australia, England and Hong Kong (Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design), Routledge, 2016.
- Bassett, E.M. The master plan, with a discussion of the theory of community land planning legislation. New York: Russell Sage foundation, 1938.
- Bassett, E. M. Zoning. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1940
- Hirt, Sonia. Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation (Cornell University Press, 2014) 245 pp. online review
- Stephani, Carl J. and Marilyn C. ZONING 101, originally published in 1993 by the National League of Cities, now available in a Third Edition, 2012.
- Dougherty, Conor, Golden gates : fighting for housing in America, ISBN 978-0-593-16532-4, OCLC 1161988433, Приступљено 3. 8. 2020
- Einstein, Katherine Levine. Neighborhood defenders : participatory politics and America's housing crisis. ISBN 978-1-108-76949-5. OCLC 1135562802.
- Trounstine, Jessica (2020). „The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation”. American Political Science Review (на језику: енглески). 114 (2): 443—455. ISSN 0003-0554. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000844
. - Manville, Michael; Monkkonen, Paavo; Lens, Michael (2. 1. 2020). „It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning”. Journal of the American Planning Association. 86 (1): 106—112. ISSN 0194-4363. doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1651216 .
- Weiss, Marc A. (1987). The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning. New York: Columbia University Press. стр. 80—86. ISBN 0-231-06505-1.
- Ferguson, Cheryl Caldwell (2014). Highland Park and River Oaks: The Origins of Garden Suburban Community Planning in Texas. Austin: University of Texas University Press. стр. 10—13. ISBN 978-0292748361.
- Erickson, Amanda (24. 8. 2012). „A Brief History of the Birth of Urban Planning”. The Atlantic Cities. Atlantic Media Company. Приступљено 20. 11. 2017.
- Rice, Roger L. (1968). „Residential Segregation by Law, 1910–1917”. Journal of Southern History. 34 (2): 179—199. JSTOR 2204656. doi:10.2307/2204656.
- Rothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liveright Publishing Company. стр. 44—48. ISBN 9781631492853.
Spoljašnje vezeУреди
- ZoningPoint – A searchable database of zoning maps and zoning codes for every county and municipality in the United States.
- Crenex – Zoning Maps – Links to zoning maps and planning commissions of 50 most populous cities in the US.
- New York City Department of City Planning – Zoning History Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (16. април 2021)
- Schindler's Land Use Page (Michigan State University Extension Land Use Team)
- Zoning Compliance and Zoning Certification - Analysis and Reporting
- Land Policy Institute at Michigan State University
- By Bradley C. Karkkainen (1994). Zoning: A Reply To The Critics, Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law
- Trounstine, Jessica (2018). „Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities”. Cambridge University Press (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 16. 6. 2020.