Апенинско полуострво
42° 00′ N 14° 00′ E / 42.000° С; 14.000° И
Апенинско полуострво или Италијанско полуострво је једно од три полуострва у јужној Европи. Протеже се дужини од око 1.000 km од долине реке По на северу до Средоземног мора на југу. Полуострво има карактеристичан облик чизме, формиран од мањих полуострва Калабрије, Салента и Гаргана.
Скоро цело полуострво је у саставу Италије, иако се на полуострву налазе двије мини-државе - Сан Марино и Ватикан. На западној страни полуострва су Лигурско и Тиренско море, на јужној је Јонско море, а на источној Јадранско море. Унутар полуострва се налазе Апенинске планине (Апенини), по којима је полуострво и добило име. На Апенинском полуострву, близу Напуљског залива, налази се Везув, једини активни вулкан у копненом делу Европе.
Карактеристике
уредиМинимални обим
уредиУ општем дискурсу, „Италија” и „Италијанско полуострво” се често користе као синоними. Међутим, Падска низија[1][2][3] може бити искључена из италијанског полуострва. У том смислу, италијанско полуострво обухвата само око 44% укупне површине Италије. С друге стране, Сицилија и друга мања острва са полуострва могу бити географски груписана заједно са њом.
Географски, минимални опсег италијанског полуострва се састоји од земље јужно од линије која се протеже од реке Магра[4][5][6] до рекe Рубикон,[7][8] северно од тосканско-емилианских Апенина. Искључује долину Пoа и јужне падине Алпа.[9][10] Италијанско полуострво има једини активни вулкан у континенталној Европи, Везув.[11]
Све ове територије леже унутар Републике Италије осим микродржава Сан Марина и Ватикана:
Земља/ Територија |
Површина полуострва | Опис | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Становништво[12] | km² | sq mi | Удео | ||
Италија | 26,140,000 | 131.275 | 50.686 | 99.9531% | Ефективно цело полуострво |
Сан Марино | 31,887 | 61,2 | 23,6 | 0.0466% | Централно-источна енклава полуострва Италије |
Ватикан | 829 | 0,44 | 0,17 | 0.0003% | Енклава Рима, Италија |
Клима
уредиПолуострво лежи између Тиренског мора на западу, Јонског мора на југу и Јадранског мора на истоку.
Полуострво има углавном медитеранску климу, мада је у планинским деловима клима знатно хладнија. Његова природна вегетација обухвата макију дуж обала и листопадне и мешовите листопадне четинарске шуме у унутрашњости.
Види још
уредиРеференце
уреди- ^ „FACT SHEET: Po River Basin” (PDF).
- ^ „The Po Basin Water Board, Italy”. CABRI-Volga. Архивирано из оригинала 06. 08. 2020. г. Приступљено 4. 6. 2009.
- ^ „Po”. United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID) - Europe. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 4. 6. 2009.
- ^ „Rete Natura 2000” (на језику: Italian и енглески).
- ^ „SIC e ZPS in Liguria » La Spezia » Parco della Magra - Vara” (на језику: Italian и енглески).
- ^ „La Biblioteca dell’Ente Parco di Montemarcello-Magra” (на језику: Italian). Архивирано из оригинала 30. 7. 2021. г.
- ^ „Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia”. www.dizionario.rai.it. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 11. 2017. г. Приступљено 29. 03. 2023.
- ^ Pearce, M., R. Peretto, P. Tozzi, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (15. 11. 2020). „Places: 393484 (Rubico fl.)”. Pleiades. Приступљено 8. 3. 2012.
- ^ De Agostini Ed (2004). L'Enciclopedia Geografica – Vol. I - Italia., p. 78.
- ^ Touring Club Italiano (1957). Conosci l'Italia – Vol. I: L'Italia fisica..
- ^ „Mount Vesuvius, Italy: Map, Facts, Eruption Pictures, Pompeii”.
- ^ Population includes only the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula (excluding Northern Italy and Insular Italy (Sicily and Sardinia)).
Литература
уреди- „Apennines”. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd изд.). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2001.
- Blackie, Christina; Blackie, John Stuart (1887). Geographical etymology, a dictionary of place-names giving their derivations. London: Murray.
- Deecke, W (1904). Italy; a popular account of the country, its people, and its institutions (including Malta and Sardinia). Превод: Nesbitt, H A. London; New York: Macmillan Co.; S. Sonnenschein & Co.
- Lunardi, Pietro (2008). Design and construction of tunnels: analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils (ADECO-RS). Berlin: Springer.
- Margheriti, Lucia; et al. (2006). „The subduction structure of the Northern Apennines: results for the RETREAT seismic deployment” (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 49 (4/5). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2010-06-19. г.
- Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (2001). „Geomorphologic Setting”. Ур.: Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista. Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers. стр. 1—4..
- Barchi, Massimiliano; Landuzzi, Alberto; Minelli, Giorgio; Pialli, Giampaolo (2001). „Inner Northern Apennines”. Ур.: Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista. Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers. стр. 215—254..
- Pedrotti, F.; Gafta, D. (2003). „The High Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Apennines and the Italian Alps”. Ур.: Nagy, László; Grabherr, G.; Körner, Ch.; Thompson, D.B.A. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological studies, 167. Berlin, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Springer-Verlag. стр. 73—84..
- јавном власништву: Lake, Philip (1911). „Apennines”. Ур.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 2 (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press. стр. 161—163. Овај чланак укључује текст из публикације која је сада у
- Gambino, Roberto; Romano, Bernardino (2000—2001). Territorial strategies and environmental continuity in mountain systems: The case of the Apennines (Italy) (PDF). World Commission on Protected Areas.
- James, Kristen (2004), Determining the source for the magmas of Monte Amiata (Central Italy) using strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopes, Carleton Geology Department: Geology Comps Papers, стр. 3—4, S2CID 43061617, „During the Neogene and into the Quaternary the region around Amiata underwent a general NNE contraction .... This compression also created the Apennine orogeny of east-central Italy .... This area was brought above sea level during a doming phase during the Middle Pliocene.”
- Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). „Apenninus”. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford; Medford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library.
- van Dijk, J.P.; Bello, M.; Brancaleoni, G.P.; Cantarella, G.; Costa, V.; Frixa, A.; Golfetto, F.; Merlini, S.; Riva, M.; Toricelli, S.; Toscano, C.; Zerilli, A. (2000). „A new structural model for the northern sector of the Calabrian Arc”. Tectonophysics. 324 (4): 267—320. Bibcode:2000Tectp.324..267V. S2CID 130289171. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00139-6.
- Coppa, Frank J. ed (1985). Dictionary of Modern Italian History.
- Di Scala, Spencer M (1998). Italy: From Revolution to Republic, 1700 to the Present. 436pp
- Domenico, Roy (2002). The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture.
- Duggan, Christopher (2008). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. ISBN 0618353674. excerpt and text search
- Hearder, Henry, and D. P. Waley (1963). A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day.
- Holmes, George (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy. ISBN 0192854445. excerpt and text search
- Killinger; Charles L (2002). The History of Italy.
- Smith, Denis Mack (1997). Modern Italy: A Political History.
- Armiero, Marco, and Marcus Hall, eds. Nature and History in Modern Italy. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1916-8. (Ecology and History Series) (, 2010) 295 pp. online review
- Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo, ed. Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922–1933). ISBN 978-88-97372-05-9. (Nature and Parks series) (Trento, 2011) 349 pp.
- Delano-Smith, Catherine (1980). Western Mediterranean Europe: A Historical Geography of Italy, Spain, and Southern France Since the Neolithic.
- Cary, M. and H. H. Scullard. A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine (3rd ed. 1996), 690pp
- Forsythe, Gary (2005). A Critical History of Early Rome. 400pp
- Grant, Michael (1997). History of Rome.
- Heather, Peter (2006). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. 572pp
- Scullard, H. H. A History of the Roman World 753–146 BC (5th ed. 2002), 596pp
- Zuppardo, Emanuele and Piccolo, Salvatore (Günther Hölbl preface). Terra Mater: Sulle Sponde del Gela greco, Gela, Betania (2005), 175pp
- Abulafia, David (2004). Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000–1300. ISBN 0199247048. (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2004) excerpt and text search
- Bullough, Donald A (1968). Italy and Her Invaders.
- Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds., Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy (1969)
- Hyde, J. K (1973). Society and Politics in Medieval Italy.
- La Rocca, Cristina. Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000. ISBN 0198700482. (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
- Smith, Denis Mack (1968). Medieval Sicily, 800–1713.
- Tobacco, Giovanni (1989). The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Power.
- Wickham, Chris (1981). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000.
- Hale, John Rigby (1981). A concise encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 636355191..
- Kohl, Benjamin G. and Allison Andrews Smith, eds (1995). Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance. .
- Najemy, John M. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550. ISBN 0198700407. (The Short Oxford History of Italy) (2005) excerpt and text search
- White, John (1993). Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250–1400.
- Cochrane, Eric (1988). Italy, 1530–1630.
- Carpanetto, Dino, and Giuseppe Ricuperati (1987). Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685–1789.
- Marino, John A. Early Modern Italy: 1550–1796. ISBN 0198700423. (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
- Roberts, J.M. "Italy, 1793–1830" in C.W. Crawley, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830. Cambridge University Press. 1965. pp. 439–461.
- Venturi, Franco (1972). Italy and the Enlightenment.
- Woolf, Stuart (1988). A History of Italy, 1700–1860.
- Beales. D.. and E. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (2002)
- Clark, Martin (2014). The Italian Risorgimento. Routledge.
- Collier, Martin, (2003). Italian Unification, 1820–71. Heinemann. ; textbook, 156 pages
- Davis, John A., ур. (2000). Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900. London: Oxford University Press. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 06. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 03. 2023.
- Farmer, Alan. "How was Italy Unified?", History Review 54, March 2006
- Hearder, Harry (1983). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870. ISBN 0582491460. excerpt
- Holt, Edgar (1971). The Making of Italy 1815–1870,..
- Laven, David (2012). Restoration and Risorgimento: Italy 1796–1870.
- Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896. (4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. excerpt
- Riall, Lucy (2009). Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation State.
- Riall, Lucy (1994). The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification. Routledge.
- Riall, Lucy (2008). Garibaldi: Invention of a hero. Yale University Press..
- Riall, Lucy (1998). „Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi”. Modern Italy. 3 (2): 191—204. S2CID 143746713. doi:10.1080/13532949808454803.
- Ridley, Jasper (1974). Garibaldi., a standard biography.
- Smith, Denis Mack (1985). Cavour.
- Smith, Denis Mack (1971). Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento. Oxford University Press.
- Stiles, A. The Unification of Italy 1815–70 (2nd edition, 2001)
- Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1. old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859; volume 2 online covers 1859–62
- Alexander, J. The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922 (Greenwood, 2001).
- Bosworth, Richard J. B. (2005). Mussolini's Italy.
- Burgwyn, H. James (1997). Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918-1940. Greenwood.,
- Cannistraro, Philip V. ed (1982). Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy.
- Chabod, Federico (2014). Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896. Princeton University Press..
- Clark, Martin. Modern Italy: 1871–1982 (1984, 3rd edn 2008)
- Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th изд.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707.
- De Grand, Alexander (2001). Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882–1922.
- De Grand, Alexander (1989). Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development.
- Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events 1911–1922 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) partly online
- Gilmour, David.The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples (2011). excerpt
- Ginsborg, Paul (2003). A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943–1988. ISBN 1403961530.. excerpt and text search
- Lyttelton, Adrian. Liberal and Fascist Italy: 1900–1945. ISBN 0198731981. (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
- McCarthy, Patrick ed (2000). Italy since 1945. .
- Overy, Richard (1999). The road to war (4th изд.). ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7. ((1999) ), covers 1930s; pp. 191–244.
- Smith, D. Mack (1997). Modern Italy: A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10895-6.
- Toniolo, Gianni (1990). An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918.
- Toniolo, Gianni, ed (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification. Oxford University Press. 785 pp. online review; another online review
- Williams, Isobel (2013). Allies and Italians under Occupation: Sicily and Southern Italy, 1943–45. Palgrave Macmillan.. xiv + 308 pp. online review
- Zamagni, Vera (1993). The Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990. ISBN 0-19-828773-9. 413 pp. .
- Azzi, Stephen Corrado (11. 2. 2009). „The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy”. Historical Journal. 36 (1): 187—203. JSTOR 2639522. S2CID 159720673. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00016174.
- Bernhard, Patrick (2014). „Renarrating Italian Fascism: New Directions in the Historiography of a European Dictatorship”. Contemporary European History. 23 (1): 151—163. S2CID 145319131. doi:10.1017/s0960777313000556.
- Boardman, Jonathan (2012). Umbria: A Cultural History. Signal Books.. Charts a complex history of literature, religion, art, migration, and industry.
- Dipper, Christof (2015). „Italian Contemporary Historiography. A Snapshot”. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 63 (3): 351. S2CID 147390477. doi:10.1515/vfzg-2015-0021.
- Ferrari, Paolo (2015). „The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy”. Comillas Journal of International Relations. 2 (2): 117—126. doi:10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 .
- Foot, John. Italy's Divided Memory (Palgrave Macmillan; 262 pages; 2010). Describes regional, political, and other divisions in Italian public memory of history.
- Musi, Aurelio (2013). „Modern Italy in French, English and American historiography”. Nuova Rivista Storica. 97 (3): 909—952.
- Pasquino, Gianfranco (2009). „Political History in Italy,”. Journal of Policy History. 21 (3): 282—97., on 20th century historians; covers Italian politics after World War II, and works of Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia. Also discusses rise of the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic. summary
- Ramm, Agatha (1972). „The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature”. English Historical Review. 87 (345): 795—811. JSTOR 562204. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvii.cccxlv.795.
- Rao, Anna Maria. "Napoleonic Italy: Old and New Trends in Historiography." in Ute Planert, ed., Napoleon's Empire (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). pp. 84–97.
Спољашње везе
уреди- Медији везани за чланак Апенинско полуострво на Викимедијиној остави
- „Ligurian Apennine”. Summit Post. 2006. Приступљено 16. 2. 2010.
- „Italian Cultural Landscapes: wood-pasture and wood-meadow in the Ligurian-Tuscan-Aemilian Apennines, Italy”. The ECL project. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 9. 2007. г. Приступљено 16. 2. 2010.
- „Appenine [sic] deciduous montane forests”. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- Irlam, Michael J. (2009). „The Great Apennine Tunnel”. Mike's Railway History. Приступљено 16. 2. 2010.
- „10th Mountain Division – The Formative World War II Years”. Dartmouth College Class of 1965. 2008. Приступљено 16. 2. 2010.