Деванагари
Деванагари (хинд. देवनागरी [d̪eːʋˈnaːɡri])[5] јесте абугида писмо које се, заједно са другим писмима, користи за писање неколико индијских језика,[6] између осталог, санскрита, хиндија, маратхија, синди, бихарија, билија, марварија, конканија, бојпурија, али и језике који се говоре у Непалу, као што су непалски, тару, баса, а понекад и кашмирски и ромски. Пише се слева надесно.[7] Писмо је слоговног типа, са одговарајућим знацима за сваки слог. Користи се од VIII века п. н. е.[6][5][8][9]
| Деванагари देवनागरी | |
|---|---|
| Тип | Abugida |
| Породица | |
Сестрински систем | Нандинагарски катски гуџаратски модски |
| Правац | слева надесно |
| ISO 15924 | Deva, 315 |
Уникод назив | Devanagari |
[a] Расправља се о семитском пореклу брахмичких писама. | |
Деванагарско писмо, састављено од 47 примарних знакова, укључујући 14 самогласника и 33 сугласника, четврти је најраспрострањенији систем писања у свету,[10] који се користи за преко 120 језика.[11]
Правопис овог писма одражава изговор језика.[11] За разлику од латиничног писма, ово писмо нема концепт великих слова.[12] Оно се пише слева надесно, има јаку склоност ка симетричним заобљеним облицима унутар квадратних обриса и препознатљиво је по хоризонталној линији, познатој као широрека, која се протеже дуж врха пуних слова.[7] У летимичном погледу, деванагаријско писмо изгледа другачије од других индијских писама, попут бенгалско-асамског, одијског или гурмучког, али помније испитивање открива да су врло слични, изузев углова и структуралног истицања.[7]
РеференцеУреди
- ^ Salomon 1996, p. 378.
- ^ Salomon, Richard, On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article. Journal of the American Oriental Society 115.2 (1995), 271–279, Архивирано из оригинала 22. 5. 2019. г., Приступљено 27. 3. 2021
- ^ Daniels, P.T. (јануар 2008). „Writing systems of major and minor languages”.
- ^ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. стр. 143.
- ^ а б Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1615301492, page 83
- ^ а б Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency на сајту Гугл књиге, Rudradaman’s inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India, Stanford University Archives, pages 30–45, particularly Devanagari inscription on Jayadaman's coins pages 33–34
- ^ а б в Danesh Jain; George Cardona (26. 7. 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. стр. 115. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2. „Nagari has a strong preference for symmetrical shapes, especially squared outlines and right angles [7 lines above the character grid]”
- ^ Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, pages 40–42
- ^ Krishna Chandra Sagar (1993), Foreign Influence on Ancient India, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-8172110284, page 137
- ^ David Templin. „Devanagari script”. omniglot.com. Приступљено 5. 4. 2015.
- ^ а б Devanagari (Nagari), Script Features and Description, SIL International (2013), United States
- ^ Akira Nakanishi, Writing systems of the World, ISBN 978-0804816540, page 48
ЛитератураУреди
- Lambert, Hester Marjorie (1953), Introduction to the Devanagari Script: For Students of Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege (Oxford University Press).
- Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
- Snell, Rupert (2000), Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-07-141984-0.
- Salomon, Richard (2003), „Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages”, Ур.: Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, стр. 67—103, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
- Verma, Sheela (2003), „Magahi”, Ур.: Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, стр. 498—514, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
- Wikner, Charles (1996), A Practical Sanskrit Introductory.
- A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries на сајту Гугл књиге, Medical Hall Press, Princeton University Archive
- A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts на сајту Гугл књиге, Vol 1: Upanishads, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), University of Michigan Library Archives
- A preliminary list of the Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts, Vedas, Sastras, Sutras, Schools of Hindu Philosophies, Arts, Design, Music and other fields, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), (Devanagiri manuscripts are identified by Character code De.)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Part 1: Vedic Manuscripts, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Part 4: Manuscripts of Hindu schools of Philosophy and Tantra, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Part 5: Manuscripts of Medicine, Astronomy and Mathematics, Architecture and Technical Science Literature, Julius Eggeling (Compiler), Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts на сајту Гугл књиге, Part 6: Poetic, Epic and Purana Literature, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- David Pingree (1970–1981), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit: Volumes 1 through 5, American Philosophical Society, Manuscripts in various Indic scripts including Devanagari
- Flegg, Graham (2002). Numbers: Their History and Meaning. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42165-1.
- The Arabic numeral system – MacTutor History of Mathematics
- Menninger, Karl W. (1969). Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13040-8.
- On the genealogy of modern numerals by Edward Clive Bayley
- William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman (1983). Collier's Encyclopedia, with bibliography and index. „When the Arabian empire was expanding and contact was made with India, the Hindu numeral system and the early algorithms were adopted by the Arabs”
- Brezina, Corona (2006), Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor of Algebra, The Rosen Publishing Group, стр. 39—40, ISBN 978-1-4042-0513-0
- Klein, Felix (2009). Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced Standpoint: Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1605209319 — преко Google Books.
- Rowlett, Russ (2004-07-04), Roman and "Arabic" Numerals, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Приступљено 2019-04-12
- Daya Nand Sharma (1972), Transliteration into Roman and Devanāgarī of the languages of the Indian group, Survey of India, 1972, „'... With the passage of time, there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no single system of Romanization has yet developed ...'”
- United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5, „'... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...'”
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955, „'... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...'”
- National Library (India) (1960), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, „'... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...'”
- Snell, Rupert. (1991). The Hindi classical tradition : a Braj Bhāṣā reader. London: School of Oriental and African studies. ISBN 0-7286-0175-3. OCLC 24794163.
- George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945
- Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447045049
- George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945
Спољашње везеУреди
- Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters
- Digital Nagari fonts, University of Chicago
- Devanagari in different fonts, Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts, McGill University)
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, стр. 30, на сајту Гугл књиге, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nagari script from 1st through 4th century CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45
- Numerals and Text in Devanagari, 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science
- Maurer, Walter H. (1976). „On the Name Devanāgarī”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 96 (1): 101—104. JSTOR 599893. doi:10.2307/599893.