Пиролиза — разлика између измена
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'''Пyрољсис''' је [[Термохемија|термохемијска]] [[декомпозиција]] [[органска материја|органског материјала]] при повишеним температурама у одсуству [[кисеоник]]а (или [[халоген]]а, [[оксидо-редукција|оксидационих]] или [[оксидо-редукција|редукционих]] средстава). Најчешће се пиролизом сложена [[хемијско једињење|хемијска једињења]] распадају на простија једињења. Пиролиза обухвата симултану промену [[хемијске композиције]] и физичке фазе, и иреверзибилна је. Пиролизу је релативно тешко испитивати због бројних реакција које је истовремено одвијају, а које је тешко контролисати.
Пиролиза је тип [[thermal decomposition|thermolysis]], and is most commonly observed in [[organic compound|organic]] materials exposed to high temperatures. It is one of the processes involved in [[charring]] wood, starting at 200–300 °C.<ref name=inno>[http://virtual.vtt.fi/virtual/innofirewood/stateoftheart/database/burning/burning.html ''Burning of wood''], InnoFireWood's website. Accessed on 2010-02-06.</ref> It also occurs in fires where solid fuels are burning or when vegetation comes into contact with lava in [[volcanic eruption]]s. In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces gas and liquid products and leaves a solid residue richer in carbon content, [[char]]. Extreme pyrolysis, which leaves mostly [[carbon]] as the residue, is called [[carbonization]].
The process is used heavily in the [[chemical industry]], for example, to produce [[charcoal]], [[activated carbon]], [[methanol]], and other chemicals from wood, to convert [[ethylene dichloride]] into [[vinyl chloride]] to make [[PVC]], to produce [[coke (fuel)|coke]] from [[coal]], to convert [[biomass]] into [[syngas]] and [[biochar]], to turn waste plastics back into usable oil,<ref>[http://www.alternativesjournal.ca/science-and-solutions/plastic-oil The Plastic to Oil Machine | A\J – Canada's Environmental Voice<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> or waste into safely disposable substances, and for transforming medium-weight [[hydrocarbon]]s from [[petroleum|oil]] into [[lighter]] ones like [[gasoline]]. These specialized uses of pyrolysis may be called various names, such as [[dry distillation]], [[destructive distillation]], or [[cracking (chemistry)|cracking]]. Pyrolysis is also used in the creation of nanoparticles,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pingali | first1 = Kalyana C. | last2 = Rockstraw | first2 = David A. | last3 = Deng | first3 = Shuguang | year = 2005 | title = Silver Nanoparticles from Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis of Aqueous Silver Nitrate | url = https://microspray.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Silver-Nanoparticles-from-Ultrasonic-Spray-Pyrolysis-of-Aqueous-Silver-Nitrate.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Aerosol Science and Technology | volume = 39 | issue = | pages = 1010–1014 | doi=10.1080/02786820500380255}}</ref> zirconia<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Song | first1 = Y. L. | last2 = Tsai | first2 = S. C. | last3 = Chen | first3 = C. Y. | last4 = Tseng | first4 = T. K. | last5 = Tsai | first5 = C. S. | last6 = Chen | first6 = J. W. | last7 = Yao | first7 = Y. D. | year = 2004 | title = Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Synthesis of Spherical Zirconia Particles | url = https://microspray.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ultrasonic-Spray-Pyrolysis-for-Synthesis-of-Spherical-Zirconia-Particles.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of the American Ceramic Society | volume = 87 | issue = 10 | doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06332.x | pages=1864–1871}}</ref> and oxides<ref>Hoda Amani Hamedani, 2008, [https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/26670/amanihamedani_hoda_200812_MS.pdf;jsessionid=897700CBE308050B84BBF3BBC1CFF62C.smart2?sequence=1 Investigation of Deposition Parameters in Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Fabrication of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode], ''Georgia Institute of Technology''</ref> utilizing an [[ultrasonic nozzle]] in a process called ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP).
Pyrolysis also plays an important role in several [[cooking]] procedures, such as [[baking]], [[frying]], [[grilling]], and [[caramelizing]]. It is a tool of [[chemical analysis]], for example, in [[pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry|mass spectrometry]] and in [[carbon-14 dating]]. Indeed, many important chemical substances, such as [[phosphorus]] and [[sulfuric acid]], were first obtained by this process. Pyrolysis has been assumed to take place during [[catagenesis (geology)|catagenesis]], the conversion of [[kerogen|buried organic matter]] to [[fossil fuels]]. It is also the basis of [[pyrography]]. In their embalming process, the ancient Egyptians used a mixture of substances, including methanol, which they obtained from the pyrolysis of wood.
Pyrolysis differs from other processes like [[combustion]] and [[hydrolysis]] in that it usually does not involve reactions with [[oxygen]], water, or any other reagents.<ref>Cory A. Kramer, Reza Loloee, Indrek S. Wichman and Ruby N. Ghosh, 2009, [http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1638571 Time Resolved Measurements of Pyrolysis Products From Thermoplastic Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate (PMMA)] ''ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition''</ref> In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere. Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of oxidation occurs.
The term has also been applied to the decomposition of organic material in the presence of [[superheated water]] or steam ([[hydrous pyrolysis]]), for example, in the [[Cracking (chemistry)|steam cracking]] of oil.
Пиролиза је важан индустријски процес који се користи за:
Линија 8 ⟶ 17:
* за производњу матерiјала високе термичке отпорности
== Види још ==
[[Категорија:Физичка хемија]]▼
*[[Кариков процес]]
*[[Гасификација]]
*[[Торефикација]]
*[[Термална декомпозиција]]<!--Thermolysis-->
*[[Декстрин]]
==Референце==
{{Reflist|35em}}
== Спољашње везе ==
* [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo39628 In Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology Pathway] National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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