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Папир — разлика између измена

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1.572.075 измена
м Разне исправке; козметичке измене
Ред 54:
 
There are three main classifications of recycled fibre:.
* Mill broke or internal mill waste  – This incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be re-pulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre, however most paper mills have been reusing their own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling became popular.
* Preconsumer waste&nbsp; – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked preconsumer (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications).<ref>[http://www.nrdc.org/ Natural Resource Defense Council]</ref>
* Postconsumer waste&nbsp; – This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast majority of this material has been printed&nbsp; – either digitally or by more conventional means such as lithography or rotogravure&nbsp; – it will either be recycled as printed paper or go through a de-inking process first.
 
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.
Ред 86:
== Примене ==
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use.
* '''For representing value:''' [[paper money]], [[bank note]], [[cheque]], [[security]] (see ''[[security paper]]''), [[voucher]] and [[Ticket (admission)|ticket]]
* '''For [[Data storage device|storing information]]''': [[book]], [[notebook]], [[graph paper]], [[magazine]], [[newspaper]], [[art]], [[zine]], [[letter (message)|letter]]
* '''For personal use''': [[diary]], note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper
* '''For [[communication]]:''' between individuals and/or groups of people.
* '''For packaging:''' [[corrugated box]], [[paper bag]], [[envelope]], [[Packing & Wrapping Paper]], [[Paper string]], [[Charta emporetica]] and [[wallpaper]]
* '''For cleaning:''' [[toilet paper]], [[handkerchief]]s, [[paper towel]]s, [[facial tissue]] and [[cat litter]]
* '''For construction:''' [[papier-mâché]], [[origami]], [[paper plane]]s, [[quilling]], [[paper honeycomb]], used as a core material in [[composite material]]s, [[paper engineering]], [[construction paper]] and [[paper clothing]]
* '''For other uses:''' [[emery paper]], [[sandpaper]], [[blotting paper]], [[litmus paper]], [[universal indicator]] paper, [[paper chromatography]], [[electrical insulation paper]] (see also ''[[dielectric]]'' and ''[[permittivity]]'') and [[filter paper]]
It is estimated that paper-based storage solutions captured 0.33% of the total in 1986 and only 0.007% in 2007, even though in absolute terms, the world's capacity to store information on paper increased from 8.7 to 19.4 [[petabyte]]s.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/60 "The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"], especially [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2011/02/08/science.1200970.DC1/Hilbert-SOM.pdf Supporting online material], Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), [[Science (journal)|Science]], 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html</ref> It is estimated that in 1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world's telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive introduction of digital technologies.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011"/>
 
Ред 102:
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometers (µm) in the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casepaper.com/calc_chart_caliper.htm|title=Paper Thickness Chart|website=Case Paper|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref> Paper may be between {{convert|0.07|and|0.18|mm|in}} thick.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/JuliaSherlis.shtml|title=Thickness of a Piece of Paper|last=Elert|first=Glenn|website=The Physics Factbook|language=en|access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref>
 
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20&nbsp; lb, {{convert|8.5|x|11|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851074844|title=The Hammerhill guide to desktop publishing in business|last=McKenzie|first=Bruce G.|date=1989|publisher=Hammerhill|isbn=9780961565114|oclc=851074844|pagepages=144}}</ref> In the United States, printing paper is generally 20&nbsp; lb, 24&nbsp; lb, or 32&nbsp; lb at most. [[Cover stock]] is generally 68&nbsp; lb, and 110&nbsp; lb or more is considered [[card stock]].
 
In Europe, and other regions using the [[ISO 216]] paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m<sup>2</sup> or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60&nbsp; g and 120&nbsp; g. Anything heavier than 160&nbsp; g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.
 
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on [[United States customary units|customary units]] and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.
 
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841&nbsp; mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594&nbsp; mm × 841&nbsp; mm), such that two sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. A2 is half the size of a sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).
 
The [[density]] of paper ranges from {{convert|250|kg/m3|lb/ft3|0|abbr=on}} for tissue paper to {{convert|1500|kg/m3|lb/ft3|0|abbr=on}} for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about {{convert|800|kg/m3|lb/ft3|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paperonweb.com/density.htm|title=Density of paper and paperboard|publisher=PaperOnWeb|accessdate=31 October 2007}}</ref>
Ред 114:
Paper may be classified into seven categories:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959020143|title=The Thames and Hudson manual of bookbinding|last=Johnson|first=Arthur|date=1978|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|oclc=959020143|language=en}}</ref>
 
* ''Printing papers'' of wide variety.
* ''Wrapping papers'' for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax and kraft papers.
* ''Writing paper'' suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and bond paper.
* ''Blotting papers'' containing little or no size.
* ''Drawing papers'' usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers, including cartridge paper.
* ''Handmade papers'' including most decorative papers, [[Ingres paper]]s, [[Japanese paper]] and [[tissue paper|tissues]], all characterized by lack of grain direction.
* ''Specialty papers'' including cigarette paper, toilet tissue, and other industrial papers.
 
== Извори ==
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Папир”