Каспијско језеро — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м Враћене измене Kolikojerokoko (разговор) на последњу измену корисника Ранко Николић |
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Ред 10:
| регије =
| површина = 371.000
| ширина = {{Convert|435|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| дужина = {{Convert|1030|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| обала = {{convert|78200|km3|cumi|-2|abbr=on}}
| запремина = {{convert|7000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}
| просечна_дубина = 211
| највећа_дубина = 955
Ред 27:
| lat = 41.667
| long = 50.667
}}{{рут}}
[[Датотека:Fernão Vaz Dourado 1570-1.jpg|thumb|250px|Unlike the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, towards the end of the 16th century the Caspian Sea was still not well explored and mapped. 1570 map by [[Fernão Vaz Dourado]].]]
'''Каспијско језеро''' (код Парса ин туркијских народа названо '''Хазарско море''') је највеће [[језеро]] на Земљи из тог разлога неки га називају и ''Каспијско море'' ({{јез-рус|Каспийское море}}), између [[Европа|Европе]] и [[Азија|Азије]], с површином од 371 000 -{km²}-.<ref name="површина" >{{cite web|url=http://www.kudanaodmor.com/121-Planeta/272-Kaspijsko%20Jezero/ |title=Kuda | Odmor | Leto | More | Jezero | Zimovanje | Hoteli | Srbija |publisher=Kudanaodmor.com |date= |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref> Северни део језера је плитак око 22 -{m}- јер га попуњавају наноси реке [[Волга|Волге]], а јужни је дубљи, до 995 -{m}-. Површина језера је 28 метара испод нивоа мора (светског океана). У језеро се уливају реке [[Волга]], [[Урал (река)|Урал]], [[Терек]] и [[Кура]],<ref name="површина" /> међутим прилив слатке воде је мањи од количине воде која испари. Резултат је негативни водни биланс који је видљив у површини језера које је 1930. године било 442.000 -{km²}-, а 1980. године 368.000 -{km²}-. ▼
▲'''Каспијско језеро''' (код Парса ин туркијских народа названо '''Хазарско море''') је највеће [[језеро]] на Земљи из тог разлога неки га називају и ''Каспијско море'' ({{јез-рус|Каспийское море}}),<ref name=web1>{{cite web|title=Caspian Sea – Background |url=http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-Background.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130703213331/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-Background.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Caspian Environment Programme |accessdate=11 September 2012 |year=2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title =ESA: Observing the Earth – Earth from Space: The southern Caspian Sea |publisher = ESA.int|url = http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEM5GYTLWFE_index_0.html|accessdate = 2007-05-25}}</ref> између [[Европа|Европе]] и [[Азија|Азије]], с површином од 371 000 -{km²}-.<ref
Каспијско језеро је слано и заправо је затворено море. Салинитет варира и износи од 0,05 ‰ на ушћу Волге до 11—13 ‰ на југоистоку. Међутим и то је свега трећина салинитета морске воде. ▼
▲Каспијско језеро је слано и заправо је затворено море. Салинитет варира и износи од 0,05 ‰ на ушћу Волге до 11—13 ‰ на југоистоку. Међутим и то је свега трећина салинитета морске воде.<ref>[http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/133415.pdf Lake Basin Management Initiative - The Caspian Sea (2004)]</ref>
На обалама Каспијског језера налазе се државе:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.source.ba/clanak/6548994/putovanja/Ovo%20je%20najve%C4%87e%20jezero%20na%20svijetu/?ref=pretraga |title=Државе које излазе на језеро |publisher=Source.ba |date= |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref>
Линија 39 ⟶ 41:
* [[Казахстан]]
Северно и источно од језера налазе се [[Степа|степе]] [[средња Азија|средње Азије]]. На источној обали се налази залив [[Кара-Богаз Гол]]. [[Саобраћај]] на Каспијском језеру је добро развијен, а важан је и [[риболов]]. Каспијски басен спада у највеће светске резерве нафте и гаса.
==Physical characteristics==
=== Формирање ===
The Caspian Sea, like the [[Black Sea]], [[Namak Lake]], and [[Lake Urmia]], is a remnant of the ancient [[Paratethys|Paratethys Sea]]. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to [[tectonic uplift]] and a fall in [[sea level]]. During warm and dry climatic periods, the landlocked sea almost dried up, depositing [[evaporite|evaporitic sediments]] like [[halite]] that were covered by wind-blown deposits and were sealed off as an [[evaporite]] [[Sink (geography)|sink]] when cool, wet climates refilled the basin. (Comparable evaporite beds underlie the Mediterranean.) Due to the current inflow of fresh water, the Caspian Sea is a [[freshwater]] lake in its northern portions, and is most saline on the Iranian shore, where the catchment basin contributes little flow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caspinfo.net/content/content.asp?menu=0130000_000000 |title=Sea Facts |work=Casp Info |accessdate=2017-02-25 }}</ref> Currently, the mean salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earth's oceans. The [[Garabogazköl]] [[embayment]], which dried up when water flow from the main body of the Caspian was blocked in the 1980s but has since been restored, routinely exceeds oceanic salinity by a factor of 10.<ref name="web1"/>
=== Географија ===
[[Датотека:caspianseamap.png|thumb|250п|Мапа Каспијског језера, жуто осенчени део означава дренажни слив Каспијског језера. (Од када је мапа направљена, околина [[Аралско језеро|Аралског језера]] је знатно умањена.)]]
The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world and accounts for 40 to 44% of the total [[Wiktionary:lacustrine|lacustrine]] waters of the world.<ref name="irngaz">{{cite web|url=http://irangazette.com/12.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122212158/http://irangazette.com/12.html |archivedate=2009-01-22 |title=Caspian Sea |work=Iran Gazette |accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref> The coastlines of the Caspian are shared by [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Turkmenistan]]. The Caspian is divided into three distinct physical regions: the Northern, Middle, and Southern Caspian.<ref name="hooshang1">{{cite book|author=Hooshang Amirahmadi|title=The Caspian Region at a Crossroad: Challenges of a New Frontier of Energy and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMQp4_Shq90C&pg=PA112|accessdate=20 May 2012|date=10 June 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-22351-9|pages=112–}}</ref> The Northern–Middle boundary is the Mangyshlak Threshold, which runs through [[Chechen Island]] and [[Cape Tiub-Karagan]]. The Middle–Southern boundary is the Apsheron Threshold, a [[Aquatic sill|sill]] of tectonic origin between the Eurasian continent and an oceanic remnant,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Khain V. E. Gadjiev A. N. Kengerli T. N|title=Tectonic origin of the Apsheron Threshold in the Caspian Sea|journal=Doklady Earth Sciences|volume=414|year=2007|pages=552–556|doi=10.1134/S1028334X07040149}}</ref> that runs through Zhiloi Island and Cape Kuuli.<ref name="dumont1">{{cite book|author1=Henri J. Dumont|author2=Tamara A. Shiganova|author3=Ulrich Niermann|title=Aquatic Invasions in the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZqnCfulHwC|accessdate=20 May 2012|date=20 July 2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1869-5}}</ref> The [[Garabogazköl]] Bay is the saline eastern inlet of the Caspian, which is part of Turkmenistan and at times has been a lake in its own right due to the isthmus that cuts it off from the Caspian.
Differences between the three regions are dramatic. The Northern Caspian only includes the Caspian shelf,<ref name="kost1">{{cite book|author=A. G. Kostianoi and A. Kosarev|title=The Caspian Sea Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1ajCHzI9OEC |accessdate=20 May 2012|date=16 December 2005|publisher=Birkhäuser|isbn=978-3-540-28281-5}}</ref> and is very shallow; it accounts for less than 1% of the total water volume with an average depth of only {{convert|5|-|6|m|ft}}. The sea noticeably drops off towards the Middle Caspian, where the average depth is {{convert|190|m|ft|-1}}.<ref name="dumont1"/> The Southern Caspian is the deepest, with oceanic depths of over {{convert|1000|m|ft|-2}}, greatly exceeding the depth of other regional seas, such as the [[Persian Gulf]]. The Middle and Southern Caspian account for 33% and 66% of the total water volume, respectively.<ref name="hooshang1"/> The northern portion of the Caspian Sea typically freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters ice forms in the south as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ann.az/en/?p=19304 |title=News Azerbaijan|work=ann.az|accessdate=9 October 2015}}</ref>
Over 130 rivers provide inflow to the Caspian, with the [[Volga River]] being the largest. A second affluent, the [[Ural River]], flows in from the north, and the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]] flows into the sea from the west. In the past, the [[Amu Darya]] (Oxus) of Central Asia in the east often changed course to empty into the Caspian through a now-desiccated riverbed called the [[Uzboy River]], as did the [[Syr Darya]] farther north. The Caspian also has several small islands; they are primarily located in the north and have a collective land area of roughly {{convert|2000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Adjacent to the North Caspian is the [[Caspian Depression]], a low-lying region {{convert|27|m|ft|0}} below [[sea level]]. The [[Central Asia]]n [[steppe]]s stretch across the northeast coast, while the [[Greater Caucasus|Caucasus mountains]] hug the western shore. The [[biomes]] to both the north and east are characterized by cold, continental deserts. Conversely, the climate to the southwest and south are generally warm with uneven elevation due to a mix of highlands and [[mountain range]]s; the drastic changes in climate alongside the Caspian have led to a great deal of [[biodiversity]] in the region.<ref name="web1"/>{{clear left}}
The Caspian Sea has numerous islands throughout, all of them near the coasts; none in the deeper parts of the sea. [[Ogurja Ada]] is the largest island. The island is {{convert|37|km|0|abbr=on}} long, with [[gazelle]]s roaming freely on it. In the North Caspian, the majority of the islands are small and uninhabited, like the [[Tyuleniy Archipelago (Kazakhstan)|Tyuleniy Archipelago]], an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA), although some of them have human settlements.
=== Хидрологија ===
[[Датотека:Caspian Sea Kazakhstan Mangistau.jpg|thumb|250п|Caspian Sea near [[Aktau]], [[Mangystau Region]], [[Kazakhstan]]]]
The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, although it is not a [[freshwater]] lake. It contains about 3.5 times more water, by volume, than all five of North America's [[Great Lakes]] combined. The Caspian was once part of the [[Tethys Ocean]], but became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to [[plate tectonics]].<ref name="irngaz"/> The [[Volga River]] (about 80% of the inflow) and the [[Ural River]] discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it has no natural outflow other than by [[evaporation]]. Thus the Caspian [[ecosystem]] is a [[closed basin]], with its own sea level history that is independent of the [[Eustasis|eustatic]] level of the world's oceans.
The level of the Caspian has fallen and risen, often rapidly, many times over the centuries. Some Russian historians claim that a [[medieval]] rising of the Caspian, perhaps caused by the [[Amu Darya]] changing its inflow to the Caspian from the 13th century to the 16th century, caused the coastal towns of [[Khazars|Khazaria]], such as [[Atil, Khazaria|Atil]], to flood. In 2004, the water level was {{convert|28|m|abbr=off}} below [[sea level]].
Over the centuries, Caspian Sea levels have changed in synchrony with the estimated discharge of the Volga, which in turn depends on rainfall levels in its vast catchment basin. Precipitation is related to variations in the amount of North Atlantic depressions that reach the interior, and they in turn are affected by cycles of the [[North Atlantic oscillation]]. Thus levels in the Caspian Sea relate to atmospheric conditions in the North Atlantic, thousands of miles to the northwest.
The last short-term sea-level cycle started with a sea-level fall of {{convert|3|m|0|abbr=on}} from 1929 to 1977, followed by a rise of {{convert|3|m|0|abbr=on}} from 1977 until 1995. Since then smaller oscillations have taken place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171008/http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html |archivedate=2011-07-24 |title=Welcome to the Caspian Sea Level Project Site |publisher=Caspage.citg.tudelft.nl |accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref>
=== Деградација животне средине ===
The [[Volga River]], the largest in Europe, drains 20% of the European land area and is the source of 80% of the Caspian's inflow. Its lower reaches are heavily developed with numerous unregulated releases of chemical and biological pollutants. Although existing data are sparse and of questionable quality, there is ample evidence to suggest that the Volga is one of the principal sources of transboundary contaminants into the Caspian.
The magnitude of [[fossil fuel]] extraction and transport activity in the Caspian also poses a risk to the environment. The island of [[Vulf]] off [[Baku]], for example, has suffered ecological damage as a result of the petrochemical industry; this has significantly decreased the number of species of marine birds in the area. Existing and planned oil and gas pipelines under the sea further increase the potential threat to the environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-EnvironmentalIssues.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100413172855/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-EnvironmentalIssues.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 April 2010 |title=Caspian Environment Programme |publisher=caspianenvironment.org |accessdate=30 October 2012 }}</ref>
The [[Vladimir Filanovsky]] field in the Russian section of the body of water was discovered for its wealth of oil in 2005. It is reportedly the largest discovery of oil in 25 years. It was announced in October 2016 that [[Lukoil]] would start production in this region.<ref>{{cite web |title=LUKOIL starts up V.Filanovsky in the Caspian Sea |url=http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2016/10/lukoil-starts-up-v-filanovsky-in-the-caspian-sea.html |date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
== Фауна ==
[[Датотека:Caspian sea.jpg|мини|
[[Датотека:Hazardeniz.JPG|
[[Датотека:Surikov1906.jpg|мини|десно|
[[Флора]] и [[Фауна]] Каспијског језера и околина разнолика је и изузетно занимљива. На овом језеру станишта имају каспијски галебови<ref>{{cite web|author=Keith Pritchard and Martin Cade |url=http://www.portlandbirdobs.org.uk/oi_caspian_gull_270208.htm |title=Каспијски галеб |publisher=Portlandbirdobs.org.uk |date = 27. 2. 2008. |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref> и каспијска чигра.<ref>{{cite web|author=Čeština |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Tern |title=Каспијска чигра |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref> Овде пролазе светске маршуте миграције птица селица а налазе се и многе јединствене врсте животиња као што је каспијска фока.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amlramzes.blog.rs/blog/amlramzes/zivotinje-u-prirodi/2012/03/21/kaspijska-foka |title=Јединствена каспијска фока |publisher=Amlramzes.blog.rs |date = 21. 3. 2012. |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref> Како је језеро јако дуго било изоловано, развиле су се многе ендемске врсте риба међу којима су најпознатије различите врсте древне [[штитоноше|јесетре]], [[каспијска бела риба]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_kutum |title=Каспијска бела риба |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date = 17. 2. 2014. |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref> [[каспијски лосос]] и [[плави ципал]]. Каспијски црни [[кавијар]] један је од најпознатијих специјалитета, изузетно тражен и цењен и у другим деловима света.<ref name="кавијар" >{{cite web|author=Јасна Петровић |url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Ekonomija/Carstvo-kavijara.sr.html |title=Каспијски кавијар и одлике јесетре |publisher=Politika.rs |date = 23. 5. 2011. |accessdate = 28. 2. 2014.}}</ref>
Линија 62 ⟶ 96:
== Извори ==
{{reflist|
== Спољашње везе ==
[http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Ekonomija/Nasred-mora-jezero-nafte.lt.html Језеро нафте.]▼
{{Commonscat|Caspian Sea}}
▲* [http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Ekonomija/Nasred-mora-jezero-nafte.lt.html Језеро нафте.]
* -{[http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/names_of_caspian_sea.php Names of the Caspian Sea]}-
* -{[http://www.parstimes.com/caspian/ Caspian Sea Region]}-
* -{[http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2004/07/long_term_gg_ta.html Target: Caspian Sea Oil] John Robb, 2004}-
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171008/http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html Dating Caspian sea level changes]}-
* -{[http://www.payvand.com/news/10/nov/1032.html Caspian Sea Is Dying]}-
* -{[http://www.iikss.com/en/ IIKSS-international institute of khazar(caspian) sea studies]}-
{{Светско море}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Слана језера]]
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