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'''Олеандер''' (''-{Nerium oleander}-''), је зимзелена биљка из породице -{[[Apocynaceae]]}- која расте од [[Средоземље|Средоземља]] до [[Јунан]]а у [[Кина|Кини]]. <!--It is the only species currently classified in the [[genus]] ''Nerium''. Other names include Adelfa, Alheli Extranjero, Baladre, Espirradeira, Flor de São Jose, Lorel de jardín, Lorel rosa, Laurier rose, Flourier rose, Olean, Aiwa, Rosa Francesca, Rosa Lorel, and Rose-bay (Inchem 2005), закум [zakum] (Bulgarian), leandru (Romanian), zakum, zakkum, zakhum (Turkish), zaqqum (Arabic); Kaneru (in [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]); in Chinese it is known as 夹竹桃 (''jia zhu tao''). The ancient city of [[Volubilis]] in North Africa took its name from the old Latin name for the flower.-->
[[Слика:Pazi otrov.svg|лево|мини|120п|Олеандер може изазвати озбиљне здравствене сметње или чак и смрт!]]
Image:Oleander June 2007-1.jpg|<center>Пупољци, [[Лисабон]], [[Португалија]]
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==Toxicity==
Oleander is one of the most [[List of poisonous plants|poisonous plants]] and contains numerous toxic compounds, many of which can be deadly to people, especially young children. The toxicity of Oleander is considered extremely high and it has been reported that in some cases only a small amount had lethal or near lethal effects (Goetz 1998). The most significant of these toxins are [[oleandrin]] and [[neriine]], which are [[cardiac glycoside]]s (Goetz 1998). "Cardiac glycocides are naturally-occurring" plant or animal compounds "whose actions include both beneficial and toxic effects on the heart" (Desai 2000). They are present in all parts of the plant, but are most concentrated in the [[sap]], which can block out receptors in the skin causing numbness. It is thought that Oleander may contain many other unknown or un-researched compounds that may have dangerous effects (Inchem 2005). Oleander bark contains [[rosagenin]] which is known for its [[strychnine]]-like effects. The entire plant, including the milky white sap, is toxic, and any part can cause an adverse reaction. Oleander is also known to hold its toxicity even after drying. It is thought that a handful or 10-20 leaves consumed by an adult can cause an adverse reaction, and a single leaf could be lethal to an infant or child. According to the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) in 2002 there were 847 known human poisonings in the United States related to Oleander (Watson 2003). There are innumerable reported suicidal cases of consuming mashed oleander seeds in southern India. In animals, around 0.5 mg per kilogram of body weight is lethal to many animals, and various other doses will affect other animals (Inchem 2005). Most animals can suffer a reaction or death from this plant.
===Effects of poisoning===
[[Слика:Oleandrin.svg|мини|Oleandrin, one of the toxins present in Oleander]]
Reactions to this plant are as follows. Ingestion can cause both gastrointestinal and cardiac effects. The gastrointestinal effects can consist of nausea and vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, [[diarrhea]] that may or may not contain blood, and especially in [[horse]]s, [[horse colic|colic]] (Inchem 2005). Cardiac reactions consist of irregular heart rate, sometimes characterized by a racing heart at first that then slows to below normal further along in the reaction. The heart may also beat erratically with no sign of a specific rhythm. Extremities may become pale and cold due to poor or irregular circulation (Goetz 1998). Reactions to poisonings from this plant can also affect the [[central nervous system]]. These symptoms can include drowsiness, tremors or shaking of the muscles, [[seizures]], collapse, and even [[coma]] that can lead to death (Goetz 1998). Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergy reactions characterized by [[dermatitis]] (Goetz 1998).
===Medical treatment required===
Poisoning and reactions to Oleander plants are evident quickly, requiring immediate medical care in suspected or known poisonings of both humans and animals (Goetz 1998). Induced vomiting and [[gastric lavage]] are protective measures to reduce absorption of the toxic compounds. Charcoal may also be administered to help absorb any remaining toxins (Inchem 2005). Further medical attention may be required and will depend on the severity of the poisoning and symptoms.
Drying of plant materials does not eliminate the toxins. It is also hazardous for animals such as [[sheep]], [[horse]]s, [[cattle]], and other grazing animals, with as little as 100 g being enough to kill an adult horse (Knight 1999). Plant clippings are especially dangerous to horses, as they are sweet. Symptoms of a poisoned horse include severe diarrhea and abnormal heartbeat. There are a wide range of toxins and secondary compounds within Oleander, and care should be taken around this plant due to its toxic nature. Different names for Oleander are used around the world in different locations (see top of page); so when encountering a plant with this appearance, regardless of the name used for it, exercise great care and caution to avoid ingestion of any part of the plant, including its sap and dried leaves or twigs. Do not use the dried or fresh branches for spearing food, in preparing a cooking fire, or as a food skewer. Many of the Oleander relatives, such as the Desert Rose ([[Adenium]] obesum) found in East Africa, have similar leaves and flowers and are equally toxic.
===Trunk oil===
While the reasons are unknown, some visibly healthy oleander shrubs that have become sick or otherwise diseased may generate a type of oil from the trunk and shallow roots. Depending upon the size of the shrub, the oil quantity can vary greatly and has the capability to saturate the soil in its vicinity as the shrub's sickness progresses. This is possibly an explanation for the plant's name of "Olea", whose Latin translation is "oil". The oil is light-brown colored and possesses a rancid scent. The toxicity of the oil is unknown, because the neuro-toxic chemicals in the rest of the tree come from the leave's vein-system and not from the pulp surrounding these veins. There is even a species of large, orange with black hairs caterpillar (Oleander Caterpillar young to the Oleander Moth or is sometimes called the "polka-dot wasp moth") which feeds specifically on oleanders and survives by eating only the pulp surrounding the leaf-veins, avoiding the fibers.
==Potential medical use==
[[Pliny the Elder]] in his ''[[Naturalis Historia]]'' written [[circa]] AD [[77]] claimed that despite its toxicity it was an effective snakebite cure[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+24.53]: ''"...if taken in wine with [[rue]]..."'' .
Despite a lack of any proven benefits<ref>[http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=10&abstractID=2077 Phase I Study of Anvirzel<SUP>TM</SUP> in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. - ASCO]</ref>, a range of Oleander-based treatments are being promoted on the Internet and in some [[alternative medicine]] circles, drawing a warning letter from the [[FDA]] in the [[US]].<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/mar2000/dd030500.pdf Anvirzel Letter]</ref>
== Види још ==
* [[List of plants poisonous to equines]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons|Nerium oleander}}
* [http://www.oleander.org/toxic.html InformationИнформације onо Oleanderтоксичности toxicityолеандера], ''-{International Oleander Society}-''
* [http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/plant52.htm PlantsБиљке Poisonousотровне toза Livestockстоку andи Petsкућне љубимце], ''-{Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University}-''
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/oleander.htm -{Snopes}-], Legendлегенда of Oleander-poisoningо atтровању Campfireолеандером
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[[Категорија:Apocynaceae]]
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