Комуникација — разлика између измена
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'''Комуникација''' (од {{јез-лат|commūnicāre}} са значењем „делити“<ref>{{OEtymD|communication|accessdate=2013-06-23}}</ref>) представља чин преношења разумљиве [[Информација|информације]]. Комуникација захтева пошиљаоца, поруку и примаоца. Комуникација је важна активност коју чак и несвесно спроводимо у сваком тренутку нашег свакодневног живота. Често нисмо ни свесни да као индивидуе, комуницирамо са одређеном појавом или са више њих у исто време. Многи аспекти савремене комуникације се данас подразумевају, јер су постали природна активност у нашим дневним навикама.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/others/shannon/entropy/entropy.pdf |format=PDF |title=A Mathematical Theory of Communication |author=C.E. Shannon |website=Math.harvard.edu |accessdate=2017-05-01}}</ref>
Ред 40:
*[[здрава комуникација]]
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=== Невербална комуникација ===
{{Main article|Невербална комуникација}}
[[Невербална комуникација]] describes the processes of conveying a type of information in the form of non-linguistic representations. Examples of nonverbal communication include [[haptic communication]], [[Chronemics|chronemic communication]], [[gestures]], [[body language]], [[facial expressions]], [[eye contact]], and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating.<ref>{{cite web|title = Types of Body Language|url = http://www.simplybodylanguage.com/types-of-body-language.html|website = Simplybodylanguage.com|access-date = 2016-02-08}}</ref> Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as [[paralanguage]], e.g. [[rhythm (linguistics)|rhythm]], [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[tempo of speech|tempo]], and [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]]. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of [[emoticons]] to convey emotion.
Nonverbal communication demonstrates one of Wazlawick's laws: you cannot not communicate. Once proximity has formed awareness, living creatures begin interpreting any signals received.<ref>Wazlawick, Paul (1970's) opus</ref> Some of the functions of nonverbal communication in humans are to complement and illustrate, to reinforce and emphasize, to replace and substitute, to control and regulate, and to contradict the denovative message.
Nonverbal cues are heavily relied on to express communication and to interpret others’ communication and can replace or substitute verbal messages. However, non-verbal communication is ambiguous. When verbal messages contradict non-verbal messages, observation of non-verbal behaviour is relied on to judge another’s attitudes and feelings, rather than assuming the truth of the verbal message alone.
There are several reasons as to why non-verbal communication plays a vital role in communication:
„Невербална комуникација је свеприсутна.” <ref>(Burgoon, J., Guerrero, L., Floyd, K., (2010). Nonverbal Communication, Taylor & Francis. p.3 )</ref> They are included in every single communication act. To have total communication, all non-verbal channels such as the body, face, voice, appearance, touch, distance, timing, and other environmental forces must be engaged during face-to-face interaction. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes. E-mails and web chats allow individual’s the option to change text font colours, stationary, emoticons, and capitalization in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium.
„Невербална понашања су мултифункционална.” <ref>(Burgoon et al., p.4)</ref> Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the same time in communication acts, and allow the chance for simultaneous messages to be sent and received.
„Невербално понашање може да формира универзални језички систем.” <ref>(Burgoon et al., p.4)</ref> Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing, and glaring are non-verbal behaviours that are used and understood by people regardless of nationality. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers.
=== Вербална комуникација ===
Вербална комуникација је говорно или писано преношење поруке. Human [[language]] can be defined as a [[system]] of [[symbol]]s (sometimes known as [[lexeme]]s) and the [[grammar]]s ([[wikt:rule|rules]]) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. [[Language acquisition|Language learning]] normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of [[sound]] or [[gesture]] for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is [[language or dialect|no defined line]] between a language and a [[dialect]]. [[Constructed language]]s such as [[Esperanto]], [[programming language]]s, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.
As previously mentioned, language can be characterized as symbolic. Charles Ogden and I.A Richards developed The Triangle of Meaning model to explain the symbol (the relationship between a word), the referent (the thing it describes), and the meaning (the thought associated with the word and the thing)
The properties of language are governed by rules. Language follows phonological rules (sounds that appear in a language), syntactic rules (arrangement of words and punctuation in a sentence), semantic rules (the agreed upon meaning of words), and pragmatic rules (meaning derived upon context).
The meanings that are attached to words can be literal, or otherwise known as denotative; relating to the topic being discussed, or, the meanings take context and relationships into account, otherwise known as connotative; relating to the feelings, history, and power dynamics of the communicators.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Sherry Devereaux |last2=Lennox-Terrion |first2=Jenepher |last3=Ahmed |first3=Rukhsana |last4=Jaya |first4=Peruvemba |year=2014 |title=Communication in Everyday Life: Personal and Professional Contexts |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=HZFXngEACAAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Canada |pages=464 |isbn=9780195449280}}</ref>
=== Писана комуникација и њен историјски развој ===
Over time the forms of and ideas about communication have evolved through the continuing progression of technology. Advances include communications psychology and media psychology, an emerging field of study.
The progression of written communication can be divided into three "information communication revolutions":<ref>{{cite web|author=Xin Li|title=Complexity Theory – the Holy Grail of 21st Century|url=http://www.csee.wvu.edu/~xinl/complexity.html|publisher=Lane Dept of CSEE, West Virginia University|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130815234045/http://www.csee.wvu.edu/~xinl/complexity.html|archivedate=2013-08-15|df=}}</ref>
# Писана комуникација се првобитно појавила у виду употребе пиктограма. [[Пиктограм]]и су били направљени од камена, hence written communication was not yet mobile. Pictograms began to develop standardized and simplified forms.
# The next step occurred when writing began to appear on [[paper]], papyrus, clay, wax, and other media with common shared writing systems, leading to adaptable [[alphabet]]s. Communication became mobile.
# The final stage is characterized by the transfer of information through controlled waves of [[electromagnetic radiation]] (i.e., radio, microwave, infrared) and other [[Signal (electrical engineering)|electronic signals]].
Комуникација је thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding. Gregory Bateson called it "the replication of tautologies in the universe.<ref>Bateson, Gregory (1960) Steps to an Ecology of Mind</ref> This process, which requires a vast repertoire of skills in [[interpersonal]] processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables [[collaboration]] and [[cooperation]].<ref>{{cite web| title=communication| work=The office of superintendent of Public Instruction| location=Washington}}</ref>
== Облици и компоненте људске комуникације ==
Линија 118 ⟶ 156:
Комуникација је процес размене мисли, [[осећај]]а и порука који се нужно одвија кад год постоји интеракција (међуоднос, међуделовање). Комуникација је део обиљежја појединих [[народ]]а или група [[људи]], па је у међународним односима врло важно познавати [[култура|културу]] и [[традиција|традицију]] суговорника да би се могло успешно комуницирати. Због тога је комуникација темељ међуљудских односа. Нивои комуникације могу бити: [[породица |породичне]] (комуникација између чланова породице), [[племе]]нске (племићке породице које имају обичаје и стандарде комуницирања), емотивне, рационалне итд. Ниво комуницирања има толико колико има и друштвених нивоа. Свака комуникација зависи од контекста комуницирања.
== Баријере за ефективност ==
Баријере за ефективну комуникациу могу да заустави или изобличе поруку или намеру поруке која се пренос. This may result in failure of the communication process or cause an effect that is undesirable. These include filtering, selective perception, information overload, emotions, language, silence, communication apprehension, gender differences and political correctness<ref>Robbins, S., Judge, T., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2011). Organisational Behaviour. 6th ed. Pearson, French's Forest, NSW p315-317.</ref>
This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate" communication, which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a situation or environment that is not understood by the recipient.
* '''Физичке баријере-''' Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment. An example of this is the natural barrier which exists if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites. Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems. Staff shortages are another factor which frequently causes communication difficulties for an organization.
* '''Системски дезајн -''' [[System design]] faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organization. Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know whom to communicate with. Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them.
* '''Баријере услед ставова -''' Attitudinal barriers come about as a result of problems with staff in an organization. These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks, or simply resistance to change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas.
* '''Двосмисленост речи/фраза -''' Words sounding the same but having different meaning can convey a different meaning altogether. Hence the communicator must ensure that the receiver receives the same meaning. It is better if such words are avoided by using alternatives whenever possible.
* '''Индивидуалне лингвистичке способности -''' The use of [[jargon]], difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent the recipients from understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. However, research in communication has shown that confusion can lend legitimacy to research when persuasion fails.<ref>[http://www.pmhut.com/what-should-be-included-in-a-project-plan What Should Be Included in a Project Plan] - Retrieved December 18th, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://qbox.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/mktg/research/Bafflegab%20Pays.pdf |title=Bafflegab Pays |author=J. Scott Armstrong |journal=Psychology Today |page=12 |year=1980 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828171508/http://qbox.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/mktg/research/Bafflegab%20Pays.pdf |archivedate=2013-08-28 |df= }}</ref>
* '''Физиолошке баријере -''' These may result from individuals' personal discomfort, caused—for example—by ill health, poor eyesight or hearing difficulties.
* '''Заобилажење -'''These happens when the communicators (sender and the receiver) do not attach the same symbolic meanings to their words. It is when the sender is expressing a thought or a word but the receiver take it in a different meaning. For example- ASAP, Rest room
* '''Технолошк вишезадатност и апсорбанција -''' With a rapid increase in technologically-driven communication in the past several decades, individuals are increasingly faced with condensed communication in the form of e-mail, text, and social updates. This has, in turn, led to a notable change in the way younger generations communicate and perceive their own self-efficacy to communicate and connect with others. With the ever-constant presence of another "world" in one's pocket, individuals are multi-tasking both physically and cognitively as constant reminders of something else happening somewhere else bombard them. Though perhaps too new of an advancement to yet see long-term effects, this is a notion currently explored by such figures as Sherry Turkle.<ref>{{cite web|title = Technology can sometimes hinder communication, TR staffers observe - The Collegian|url = http://collegian.tccd.edu/?p=3851|website = The Collegian|accessdate = 2016-01-11|language = en-US}}</ref>
* '''Страх од критике -'''This is a major factor that prevents good communication. If we exercise simple practices to improve our communication skill, we can become effective communicators. For example, read an article from the newspaper or collect some news from the television and present it in front of the mirror. This will not only boost your confidence, but also improve your language and vocabulary.
* '''Полне баријере -''' Most communicators whether aware or not, often have a set agenda. This is very notable among the different genders. For example, many women are found to be more critical in addressing conflict. It's also been noted that men are more than likely to withdraw from conflict when in comparison to women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Sandra|year=2009|title=Couple Relationships: Communication and Conflict Resolution|url=http://store.msuextension.org/publications/HomeHealthandFamily/MT200917HR.pdf|journal=MSU Extension|volume=17|page=2|via=George Mason University Libraries}}</ref> This breakdown and comparison not only shows that there are many factors to communication between two specific genders, but also room for improvement as well as established guidelines for all.
== Види још ==
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