Emocija — разлика између измена
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[[Датотека:Sixteen faces expressing the human passions. Wellcome L0068375 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Šesnaest lica koja izražavaju ljudske emocije - obojena gravura autor Dž. Pas, iz 1821. godine, prema [[Шарл Лебрен|Šarlu Lebrenu]]]]
'''Emocija''' je uzbuđenost izazvana situacijom ili [[stresorom]] koji je osobi važan. Sastoji se iz tri komponente: '''fiziološke''', '''izražajne''' i '''subjektivne'''. Fiziološka komponenta priprema [[organizam]] za adekvatno reagovanje, izražavanjem se obavlja [[neverbalna komunikacija]], a preko [[doživljaj]]a spoznajemo u kakvom smo stanju. Emocije imaju adaptivnu i komunikativnu funkciju. Dele se na '''''osnovne''''', '''''složene''''', '''''prijatne''''', '''''neprijatne'''''. Osnovne emocije su urođene [[reakcije]] na [[draži]], i izražavaju se kod svih ljudi na sličan način. To su ''[[sreća]]'', ''[[tuga]]'', ''[[ljutnja]]'', ''[[strah]]'', ''[[gađenje]]'' i ''[[iznenađenje]]''. [[Afekt]], [[raspoloženje]] i [[sentiment]] su emocionalna stanja različitog intenziteta i trajanja, a [[afektivni ton]] je doživljaj prijatnosti i neprijatnosti i sastavni je deo svakog [[osećanje|osećanja]].<ref>Psihologija, Biljana Milojević Apostolović, Logos, 2012</ref>▼
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▲'''Emocija''' je uzbuđenost izazvana situacijom ili [[stresorom]] koji je osobi važan. Sastoji se iz tri komponente: '''fiziološke''', '''izražajne''' i '''subjektivne'''. Fiziološka komponenta priprema [[organizam]] za adekvatno reagovanje, izražavanjem se obavlja [[neverbalna komunikacija]], a preko [[doživljaj]]a spoznajemo u kakvom smo stanju. Emocije imaju adaptivnu i komunikativnu funkciju. Dele se na '''''osnovne''''', '''''složene''''', '''''prijatne''''', '''''neprijatne'''''. Osnovne emocije su urođene [[reakcije]] na [[draži]], i izražavaju se kod svih ljudi na sličan način. To su ''[[sreća]]'', ''[[tuga]]'', ''[[ljutnja]]'', ''[[strah]]'', ''[[gađenje]]'' i ''[[iznenađenje]]''. [[Afekt]], [[raspoloženje]] i [[sentiment]] su emocionalna stanja različitog intenziteta i trajanja, a [[afektivni ton]] je doživljaj prijatnosti i neprijatnosti i sastavni je deo svakog [[osećanje|osećanja]].<ref>Psihologija, Biljana Milojević Apostolović, Logos, 2012</ref> Postoji više [[teorija]] o tome kako nastaju emocije: ''Džejms''-''Langeova'', ''Kenon''-''Bardova'' i ''Teorija'' ''kognitivne'' ''procene''. Prema Džejms-Langeovoj teoriji,emocija je doživljaj fizioloških promena u [[organizam|organizmu]] koje se refleksno dešavaju u određenoj situaciji i pokreću određeno [[ponašanje]]. Prema kognitivnim teorijama, emocija je rezultat procene smisla i značaja situacije. Nijedna dosadašnja [[teorija]] emocija nije primenljiva na sve ljude i sve situacije.
Emocijа je bilo koje [[Свест|svesno iskustvo]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panksepp|first1=Jaak|title=Affective neuroscience : the foundations of human and animal emotions|date=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=0-19-509673-8|pages=9|edition=[Reprint]|quote=Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Damasio|first1=AR|title=Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system.|journal=Brain research. Brain research reviews|date=May 1998|volume=26|issue=2-3|pages=83–6|pmid=9651488|doi=10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor= Davidson Paul Ekman |editor2= Richard J. |title=The Nature of emotion : fundamental questions|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195089448|pages=291–93|quote=Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.}}</ref> karakterisano intenzivnom mentalnom aktivnošću i izvesnim stepenom [[pleasure|zadovoljstva]] ili [[suffering|nezadovoljstva]].<ref>Cabanac, Michel (2002). "What is emotion?" ''Behavioural Processes'' 60(2): 69-83. "[E]motion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure)."</ref><ref name="Schacter"/> Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no [[consensus]] on a definition. Emotion is often [[Reciprocal influence|intertwined]] with [[Mood (psychology)|mood]], [[temperament]], [[Personality psychology|personality]], [[disposition]], and [[motivation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologytopics/a/theories-of-emotion.htm |title=Theories of Emotion |publisher=Psychology.about.com |date=13 September 2013 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> In some theories, [[cognition]] is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on the emotions they are feeling may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of our believing that we are in a dangerous situation and the subsequent arousal of our body's nervous system (rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of our feeling afraid. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are states of feeling that result in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior.<ref name="Schacter">{{cite book|last=Scirst Daniel L.|title=Psychology Second Edition|year=2011|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010|isbn=978-1-4292-3719-2|page=310}}</ref> The [[physiology]] of emotion is closely linked to [[arousal]] of the [[nervous system]] with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind [[motivation]], positive or negative.<ref name="Gaulin 6">Gaulin, Steven J. C. and Donald H. McBurney. Evolutionary Psychology. Prentice Hall. 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-13-111529-3}}, Chapter 6, p 121-142.</ref> According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components.<ref name="Barrett & Russell">Barrett, L.F. and Russell, J.A. The psychological construction of emotion. Guilford Press. 2015. {{ISBN|978-1462516971}}.</ref>
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, [[cognitive process]]es, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: [[William James]] with a subjective experience, [[behaviorist]]s with instrumental behavior, [[psychophysiologist]]s with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In [[psychology]] and [[philosophy]], emotion typically includes a [[subjectivity|subjective]], [[conscious]] [[subjective experience|experience]] characterized primarily by [[psychophysiology|psychophysiological]] [[Emotional expression|expressions]], [[metabolism|biological reactions]], and [[Mental state (disambiguation)|mental states]]. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in [[sociology]]. For example, Peggy Thoits<ref name="Thoits, P. A. 1989">{{cite journal | last1 = Thoits | first1 = P. A. | year = 1989 | title = The sociology of emotions | url = | journal = Annual Review of Sociology | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 317–342 | doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.15.1.317}}</ref> described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (anger, surprise, etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including [[psychology]], [[neuroscience]], [[endocrinology]], [[medicine]], [[history]], [[sociology]], and [[computer science]]. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and [[Functional accounts of emotion|function]] of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition [[PET scans]] and [[fMRI]] scans help study the affective processes in the brain.<ref>Cacioppo, J.T & Gardner, W.L (1999). Emotion. "Annual Review of Psychology", 191.</ref>
"Emotions can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." Emotions produce different physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes. The original role of emotions was to motivate adaptive behaviors that in the past would have contributed to the survival of humans. Emotions are responses to significant internal and external events.<ref>Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., Wegner, D. M., & Hood, B. M. (2011). Psychology (European ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref>
== Etimologija, definicije, i diferencijacija ==
Reč „emocija” datira unazad iz 1579, when it was adapted from the French word ''émouvoir'', which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion as a catch-all term to [[Passions (philosophy)|passion]]s, [[Feeling|sentiment]]s and [[affection]]s.<ref name="Dixon, Thomas">Dixon, Thomas. From passions to emotions: the creation of a secular psychological category. Cambridge University Press. 2003. {{ISBN|978-0521026697}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B9c8tNQVI4YC link].</ref> According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language.<ref>{{cite book |last= |title=The Merriam-Webster dictionary (11th ed.) |year=2004|publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, MA}}</ref> The modern word emotion is heterogeneous<ref name="Fehr & Russell">{{cite journal | last1 = Fehr | first1 = B. | last2 = Russell | first2 = J.A. | year = 1984 | title = Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective | url = | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology, General | volume = 113 | issue = 3| pages = 464–486 | doi=10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464}}</ref> In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.<ref name="ReferenceA">Hume, D. Emotions and Moods. Organizational Behavior, 258-297.</ref> On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research thus looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language<ref name="Fehr & Russell"/> and this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse. Another line of research asks about languages other than English, and one interesting finding is that many languages have a similar but not identical term<ref name="Russell">{{cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = J.A. | year = 1991 | title = Culture and the Categorization of Emotion | url = | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 110 | issue = 3| pages = 426–450 | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426 | pmid=1758918}}</ref><ref name = "Wierzbicka, Anna">Wierzbicka, Anna. Emotions across languages and cultures: diversity and universals. Cambridge University Press. 1999.</ref> In anthropology, an inability to express or perceive emotion is sometimes referred to as alexithymia.<ref>Taylor, Graeme J. "Alexithymia: concept, measurement, and implications for treatment." The American Journal of Psychiatry (1984).</ref>
Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, [[physiological]], behavioral, and [[neural]] mechanisms.{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=16–17}} Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Michael C.|title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|page=63|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref> Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Michael C.|title=Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref> Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of [[evolution]] because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ekman |first=Paul |title=An argument for basic emotions |journal=Cognition & Emotion |year=1992 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=169–200 |doi=10.1080/02699939208411068|url=http://www.emotional.economics.uni-mainz.de/Dateien/Ekman_1992_Psy_Review_Basic_Emotions.pdf }}</ref> Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Emotion can be differentiated from a number of similar constructs within the field of [[affective neuroscience]]:{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=16–17}}
* [[Feeling]]s are best understood as a [[subjectivity|subjective]] representation of emotions, private to the individual experiencing them.
* [[Mood (psychology)|Moods]] are [[diffuse]] affective states that generally last for much longer durations than emotions and are also usually less intense than emotions.
* [[Affect (psychology)|Affect]] is an encompassing term, used to describe the topics of emotion, feelings, and moods together, even though it is commonly used interchangeably with emotion.
In addition, relationships exist between emotions, such as having positive or negative influences, with direct opposites existing. These concepts are described in [[contrasting and categorization of emotions]]. Graham differentiates emotions as functional or dysfunctional and argues all functional emotions have benefits.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Michael C.|title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref>
== Komponente emocija ==
Emocija se sastoji od tri komponente:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scherer |first=K. R. |title=What are emotions? And how can they be measured? |journal=Social Science Information |year=2005 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=693–727 |doi=10.1177/0539018405058216}}</ref>
# '''fiziološke''' '''komponente'''
# '''izražajne''' '''(''' '''ponašajne''' ''')''' '''komponente'''
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== Vrste emocija ==
Emocije se dele na '''osnovne''' (primarne) i '''složene''' (sekundarne). Postoji 6 osnovnih emocija i to su: ''[[radost]]'', ''[[ljutnja]]'', ''[[tuga]]'', ''[[strah]]'', ''[[gađenje]]'' i ''[[iznenađenje]]''. Navedene emocije su osnovne zato što ih ispoljavaju svi ljudi i poneke [[životinje]]; u svim [[kultura]]ma se izražavaju na sličan način; javljaju se brzo i kratko traju. Složene emocije su [[ljubav]], [[mržnja]], [[zavist]], [[ljubomora]], [[nada]], [[dostojanstvo]], [[humor]], [[krivica]] itd.<ref>Schwarz, N. H. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 2, 527-561.</ref>
== Podela emocija prema intenzitetu i trajanju ==
[[Датотека:Plutchik-wheel.svg|thumb|250px|[[Contrasting and categorization of emotions|Kontrast i kategorizacija emocija]] (Plučikov točak emocija).]]
'''[[Afekt]]''' je intenzivna i kratkotrajna emocija koja se iznenada javlja. Primeri su paničan [[strah]], nesavladiv [[bes]], euforična [[sreća]], [[očaj]] itd. Afekt ponekad izaziva blokadu [[mišljenje|mišljenja]] i tada osoba može izgubiti kontrolu nad ponašanjem i postati nasilna.
'''[[Raspoloženje]]''' je osećanje slabog intenziteta i dužeg trajanja. Raspoloženje se opisuje izrazima poput dobro, loše, vedro, tmurno. Nekada raspoloženje nastaje bez vidljivog razloga i tada se dovodi u vezu sa [[temperament]]om.
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== Teorije emocija ==
=== Džejms-Langeova teorija ===
Džejm-Langeova teorija govori da su emocije instinktivne, odnosno da se u određenoj situaciji automatski pokreću fiziološke promene u organizmu i promene u [[ponašanje|ponašanju]]. Prema ovoj teoriji, prvo nastaju fiziološke reakcije i ponašanje, a potom emocionalni doživljaj;ljudi u hitnim situacijama prvo reaguju,a zatim dožive emociju. Iz ove teorije sledi da se emocije ne mogu svesno regulisati zato što su refleksne.<ref name="James">{{cite journal | last1 = James | first1 = William | authorlink = William James | year = 1884 | title = What Is an Emotion? | url = http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/emotion.htm | journal = [[Mind (journal)|Mind]] | volume = 9 | issue = 34| pages = 188–205 | doi=10.1093/mind/os-ix.34.188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Carlson | first = Neil | title = Physiology of Behavior | publisher = Pearson | series = Emotion | volume = 11th edition | date = January 22, 2012 | page = 388 | isbn = 0205239390}}</ref>
=== Kenon-Bardova teorija ===
Volter Kenon i Filip Bard nisu se slagali sa Džejm-Langeovom teorijom da je emocija instiktivna reakcija. Oni su smatrali da su fiziološke promene slične kod većine emocija i da su sve tri komponente istovremeno pokrenute opažanjem,odnosno procesima u [[mozak|mozgu]], a ne u [[nervni sistem|nervnom sistemu]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Carlson | first = Neil | title = Physiology of Behavior | publisher = Pearson | series = Emotion | volume = 11th edition | date = January 22, 2012 | page = 389 | isbn = 0205239390}}</ref><ref name="Cannon 1929 399–421">{{cite journal|last=Cannon|first=Walter B.|title=Organization for Physiological Homeostasis|journal=Physiological Reviews|year=1929|volume=9|issue=3|pages=399–421|doi=10.1152/physrev.1929.9.3.399}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cannon|first=Walter B.|title=The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory.|journal=The American Journal of Psychology|year=1927|volume=39|pages=106–124|doi=10.2307/1415404}}</ref>
=== Teorija kognitivne procene ===
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