Prirodni proizvod — разлика између измена

'''Prirodni proizvod''' je [[hemijsko jedinjenje]] ili [[chemical substance|supstanca]] koju je proizveo živi organizam, i koja se stoga javlja u [[priroda|prirodi]].<ref name="url_Natural_product_Webster">{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/natural+product | title = Natural product | year = 1913 | format = | author = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | publisher = Free Online Dictionary and C. & G. Merriam Co. | quote = A chemical substance produced by a living organism; - a term used commonly in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. Such a substance is considered a natural product even if it can be prepared by total synthesis. }}</ref><ref name="pmid17576412">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = All natural | journal = Nature Chemical Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 351 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17576412 | doi = 10.1038/nchembio0707-351 | quote = "The simplest definition for a natural product is a small molecule that is produced by a biological source." }}</ref> In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by [[life]].<ref name = "Samuelson_1999">{{cite book | title = Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy | author = Samuelson G | publisher = Taylor & Francis Ltd, | year = 1999 | isbn = 9789186274818 }}</ref><ref name="urlNatural Products Research—Information for Researchers | NCCAM">{{cite web | url = http://nccih.nih.gov/grants/naturalproducts | title = Natural Products Research—Information for Researchers &#124; NCCIH | author = National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health | date = 2013-07-13 | work = | publisher = U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | quote = Natural products include a large and diverse group of substances from a variety of sources. They are produced by marine organisms, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term encompasses complex extracts from these producers, but also the isolated compounds derived from those extracts. It also includes vitamins, minerals and probiotics. }}</ref> Natural products can also be prepared by [[chemical synthesis]] (both [[semisynthesis]] and [[total synthesis]]) and have played a central role in the development of the field of [[organic chemistry]] by providing challenging synthetic targets. The term natural product has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients.<ref name="url_NPF_about_us">{{cite web | url = http://www.naturalproductsfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=about_us&category=About | title = About Us | work = | publisher = Natural Products Foundation | quote = Natural products are represented by a wide array of consumer goods that continue to grow in popularity each year. These products include natural and organic foods, dietary supplements, pet foods, health and beauty products, "green" cleaning supplies and more. Generally, natural products are considered those formulated without artificial ingredients and that are minimally processed. | accessdate = 2013-12-07 }}</ref>▼

Within the field of [[organic chemistry]], the definition of natural products is usually restricted to mean purified [[organic compound]]s isolated from natural sources that are produced by the pathways of [[primary metabolite|primary]] or [[secondary metabolite|secondary metabolism]].<ref name = "Hanson_2003">{{cite book | author = Hanson JR | title = Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolite | date = 2003 | publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-85404-490-6 | quote = Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems. }}</ref> Within the field of [[medicinal chemistry]], the definition is often further restricted to secondary metabolites.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=72549 | work = [[Stedman's Medical Dictionary]] | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | title = Natural Products | quote = Natural products: naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Williams DA, Lemke TL | title = Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry| date = 2002 | edition = 5th | publisher = Lippincott Williams Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 0-683-30737-1 | page = 25 | chapter = Chapter 1: Natural Products | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=KGLF4ZudTyAC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A0683307371&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=Table%201.1&f=false | quote = Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites). }}</ref> Secondary metabolites are not essential for survival, but nevertheless provide organisms that produce them an evolutionary advantage.<ref name="pmid1612430">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maplestone RA, Stone MJ, Williams DH | title = The evolutionary role of secondary metabolites--a review | journal = Gene | volume = 115 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 151–7 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1612430 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90553-2 }}</ref> Many secondary metabolites are [[cytotoxic]] and have been selected and optimized through evolution for use as "chemical warfare" agents against prey, predators, and competing organisms.<ref name="pmid18762775">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hunter P | title = Harnessing Nature's wisdom. Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = 838–40 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18762775 | pmc = 2529361 | doi = 10.1038/embor.2008.160 }}</ref>▼