Сикизам — разлика између измена
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ознака: уређивање извора (2017) |
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'''Сикизам''' или ''сикхизам'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|I|k|ɪ|z|əm}}; or '''Sikhi'''{{refn|''Sikhism'' (indigenously known as ''Sikhī'') originated from the word ''Sikh'', which comes from the [[Sanskrit]] root ''{{IAST|[[śiṣya]]}}'' meaning "disciple", or ''{{IAST|śikṣa}}'' meaning "instruction".<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|authorlink=Khushwant Singh|year=2006|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=India|isbn=978-0-19-567747-8|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{pa icon}} {{cite book|last=Nabha |first=Kahan. Sahib Singh |year=1930 |language=Punjabi |title=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh |url=http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=18 March 2005 |accessdate=29 May 2006 |page=720 |df= }}</ref>}} ''{{IAST|Sikkhī}}'', од ''[[Sikh]]'', meaning a "disciple", or a "learner") је [[Монотелитизам|монотеистичка]]{{sfn|Rose|2006|p=15}}<ref>{{cite book| last = Nabha| first = Kahan. Sahib Singh | year = 1930| language = Punjabi | title = Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh | url = http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date = 18. 3. 2005. | accessdate = 29. 5. 2006. |df= | pages = 720}}</ref> [[Монотеизам|монотеистичка]] религија, that originated in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] about the end of the 15th century.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/religion/religions/sikhism/</ref><ref name="Cole">{{cite book |title=Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Themes in Comparative Religion) | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |author1=W.Owen Cole |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi | year=1993 | location=Wallingford, United Kingdom |page=117 | isbn=0333541073}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Luis Moreno|author2=César Colino|title=Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5lpveRnSxEC&pg=PA207 |year=2010|publisher= McGill Queen University Press|isbn= 978-0-7735-9087-8|page=207}}, Quote: "Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated on the Indian subcontinent".</ref> It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the [[List of religious populations|fifth-largest]]. Основ сикизма је веровање у једног Бога заснованог на учењу десет гуруа која су сакупљена у свету књигу сика по називу Гуру Грантх Сахиб.<ref name="Kalsi_Chelsea">{{cite book |title=Sikhism | publisher=Chelsea House, Philadelphia| author = Sewa Singh Kalsi | pages=41–50}}</ref><ref name="Cole_Sambhi">{{cite book |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Sussex Academic Press |author1=William Owen Cole |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi | year=1995|page=200}}</ref><ref name="Teece 2004 4">{{cite book|last=Teece|first=Geoff|year=2004|title=Sikhism:Religion in focus|publisher=Black Rabbit Books|location=|isbn=978-1-58340-469-0|page=4}}</ref> У сикизму се примећује комбинација [[монотеизам|монотеистичких]] елемената из ислама са хиндуским традицијама.<ref name="Kalsi_Chelsea" /><ref name="Cole_Sambhi" /><ref name="Teece 2004 4" />
Број сика у свету се тренутно процењује на отприлике
Након избора у Индији [[2004]]. године, др [[Манмохан Синг]] је постао први сик који је постао премијер Индије. То је први пут у историји модерне Индије да ову позицију заузима неко ко није [[хиндуизам|хиндус]].
Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of [[Guru Nanak]], the first Guru (1469–1539),<ref>Singh, Patwant; (2000). The Sikhs. Alfred A Knopf Publishing. Pages 17. {{ISBN|0-375-40728-6}}.</ref> and the nine [[Sikh gurus]] that succeeded him. The Tenth Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], named the Sikh scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]] as his successor, terminating the line of human Gurus and making the scripture the eternal, religious spiritual guide for Sikhs.<ref name="WH McLeod 2014 page 17">Louis Fenech and WH McLeod (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC Historical Dictionary of Sikhism], 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-1442236004}}, pages 17, 84-85</ref><ref name="William James 2011 pages 241-242">William James (2011), God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston, McGill Queens University Press, {{ISBN|978-0773538894}}, pages 241–242</ref><ref name="granthfinalguru">{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Gurinder Singh|year=2001|title=The Making of Sikh Scripture|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4d-5xrysIC | location=United States|isbn=978-0-19-513024-9|pages=21–25, 123–124}}</ref> Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth.<ref name="Singh Kalsi 2007 24">{{cite book |title= Sikhism|last= Singh Kalsi|first= Sewa|year= 2008|publisher= Kuperard|location= London|isbn= 978-1-85733-436-4|page= 24|quote="Sikhism rejects the view that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly regarding Absolute Truth. Sikhism rejects the practice of converting people to other religious traditions."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Gregory M. Reichberg|author2=Henrik Syse|title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-95204-0|pages=672–674}}</ref>
The Sikh scripture opens with ''[[Ik Onkar]]'' (ੴ), its [[Mul Mantar]] and fundamental prayer about One Supreme Being ([[God in Sikhism|God]]).<ref name=pashauramulmantar>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908773-0|pages=101–102}}</ref><ref name=singhaikonkar>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=20–21, 103}}</ref> Sikhism emphasizes [[simran]] (meditation on the words of the Guru Granth Sahib), that can be expressed musically through [[kirtan]] or internally through [[Nam Japo]] (repeat God's name) as a means to feel God's presence. It teaches followers to transform the "[[Five Thieves]]" (lust, rage, greed, attachment, and ego). Hand in hand, secular life is considered to be intertwined with the spiritual life.<ref name="Kamala">{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Nayar|first1=Kamala Elizabeth|authorlink1=Kamala Elizabeth Nayar|last2=Sandhu|first2=Jaswinder Singh |authorlink2=Jaswinder Singh Sandhu|title=Socially Involved Renunciate, The: Guru Nanak's Discourse to the Nath Yogis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfKwGV6mBkC|year=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7950-6}}, page=106</ref> [[Guru Nanak]] taught that living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" is above the metaphysical truth, and that the ideal man is one who "establishes union with God, knows His Will, and carries out that Will".<ref name="Marwha">{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Marwaha|first=Sonali Bhatt|authorlink=Sonali Bhatt Marwaha|title=Colors of Truth: Religion, Self and Emotions : Perspectives of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Sikhism and Contemporary Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROtEr_QdB3sC|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-268-0}}, pages 205–6</ref> [[Guru Hargobind]], the sixth Sikh Guru, established the political/temporal (Miri) and spiritual (Piri) realms to be mutually coexistent.<ref name="Marty">{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|authorlink=Martin E. Marty|title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-50884-9}}, page 278</ref>
Sikhism evolved in times of religious persecution. Two of the Sikh gurus – [[Guru Arjan]] (14 April 1563 – 25 May 1605) and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (12 April 1621 – 19 December 1675), were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers after they refused to convert to [[Islam]].<ref name=pashauraarjan>Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29–62</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=236–238}};<br>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher= American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=1 | year=2001 |doi=10.2307/606726 | pages=20–31}};<br>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=117 | issue=4 | year=1997 | doi=10.2307/606445 | pages=623–642}};<br>{{cite journal | last=McLeod | first=Hew | title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=22 | issue=sup001 | year=1999 | doi=10.1080/00856408708723379 | pages=155–165}}</ref> The persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the [[Khalsa]] as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion,<ref name=pashauraarjan/><ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book | title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606 -1708 | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd | author=Singh Gandhi, Surjit | date=1 Feb 2008 | pages=676–677 | isbn=8126908572}}</ref> with qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī"{{spaced ndash}} a [[Khalsa|saint-soldier]].<ref name="Chanchreek 2007 142">{{cite book|last=Chanchreek|first=Jain|title=Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals|year=2007|publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788183291910|page=142}}</ref><ref name="Dugga 2001 33">{{cite book|last=Dugga|first=Kartar|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174103|page=33}}</ref> The Khalsa was founded by the last Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]].
== Терминологија Сика ==
The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in [[Gurmukhī alphabet]], a script standardised by [[Guru Angad]] out of [[Laṇḍā scripts]] used in [[North India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx
|title=GURMUKHI |last=Bahri |first=Hardev
|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism
|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala
|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="ShackleMandair2013pxxi">{{cite book|author1=Christopher Shackle|author2=Arvind Mandair|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45101-0 |pages=xxi–xxiii }}</ref> Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, which means students or disciples of the Guru. The anglicised word 'Sikhism' is derived from the Punjabi verb ''Sikhi'', with roots in ''Sikhana'' (to learn), and ''Sikhi'' connotes the "temporal path of learning".<ref name="Mandair2013p12">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=3, 12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chahal|first=Devinder|title=Understanding Sikhism in the Science Age|journal=Understanding Sikhism, The Research Journal|date= 2006|issue=2|page=3| url=http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf| accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref>
== Филозофија и учења ==
{{Main article|Филозофија Сика}}
[[Датотека:GuruNanakFresco-Goindwal.jpg|thumb|left|Guru Nanak was the founder of the religion of Sikhism.]]
{{Quote box
| quote = Sikh defined (SGPC):<br />
<poem>
Any human being who faithfully believes in
i. One Immortal Being,
ii. Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib,
iii. The Guru Granth Sahib,
iv. The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and
v. the baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru, and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh.<ref>[http://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html Rehat Maryada] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101102058/https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |date=1. January 2016 }}</ref>
</poem>
| width = 33%
| align = right
| style = padding:8px;
}}
The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]] and his successors. Many sources call Sikhism a [[monotheistic]] religion,<ref>{{cite book |last=Rose |first= Tudor|last2=UNESCO|date= 2015|title= Agree to Differ|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg91CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|location= |publisher= UNESCO Publishing|page= 97|isbn= 9789231000904|author-link= }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml Sikhism at a glance: Sikhism], BBC</ref> while others call it a [[monism|monistic]] and [[panentheistic]] religion.<ref name="Cole"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Nirbhai Singh|title=Philosophy of Sikhism: Reality and Its Manifestations|year=1990|publisher=Atlantic Publishers |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yIMYO-7NurwC&pg=PA1 |pages=1–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar|title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaeoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT147|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-90010-2|page=147}}</ref> According to Eleanor Nesbitt, English renderings of Sikhism as a monotheistic religion "tend misleadingly to reinforce a Semitic understanding of monotheism, rather than Guru Nanak's mystical awareness of the one that is expressed through the many. However, what is not in doubt is the emphasis on 'one'".<ref name="Nesbitt2005">{{cite book|last=Nesbitt|first=Eleanor M.|title=Sikhism: a very short introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC|year = 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280601-7|pages=21–23}}</ref>
In Sikhism, the concept of "God" is ''[[Waheguru]]'' considered [[Nirankar]] (shapeless), [[akal]] (timeless), and [[Alakh Niranjan]] (invisible). The Sikh scripture begins with ''[[Ik Onkar]]'' (ੴ), which refers to the "formless one",<ref name=singhaikonkar>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=20–21, 103}}</ref><ref>Pashaura Singh (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199699308}}, page 227</ref> and understood in the Sikh tradition as monotheistic unity of God.<ref>{{cite book | title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions | last=Doniger | first=Wendy | year=1999 | publisher=Merriam-Webster | page=500 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC | isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}}</ref> Sikhism is classified as an [[Indian religion]] along with Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, given its geographical origin and its sharing some concepts with them.<ref name="Reichberg2014p672">{{cite book|author=Torkel Brekke|editor=Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse|title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-95204-0|page=672}}; Quote: "As an Indian religion, Sikhism affirms transmigration, the continued rebirth after death..."</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism Sikhism], Encylopaedia Britannica; Quote: "Sikhism, Indian religion founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century."; See also [https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions Classification of Religions], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>
Sikh philosophy does not approve dichotomy in spiritual development and moral truthful conduct{{clarifyme|date=April 2018}} (''sach achar''). Its founder Guru Nanak summarized this perspective with "Truth is the highest virtue, but higher still is truthful living".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=234}}</ref>
== Историја ==
Линија 30 ⟶ 65:
Кирпан: мали бодеж или мач који се раније користио у церемонијалне сврхе. Кирпан симболизује снагу и слободу духа, самопоштовање, те сталну борбу добра и морала против неправде. Кирпан се не смије користити за напад, али је дозвољена његова употреба за самоодбрану или за заштиту трећих лица.
== Храмови ==▼
[[Датотека:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg|thumb|
Сикхски храмови се зову гурдвара. У сваком храму се на централном месту налази света књига „Гуру Грант Сахиб“.▼
== Кханда, сикски симбол ==
Линија 41 ⟶ 81:
Цхаккар: оружје у облику диска симболизује јединство Бога.
▲== Храмови ==
▲[[Датотека:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg|thumb|right|265px|Сик испред [[Златни храм|Златног храма]] у [[Амрицар]]у, [[Пенџаб]]]]
▲Сикхски храмови се зову гурдвара. У сваком храму се на централном месту налази света књига „Гуру Грант Сахиб“.
== Сикска имена ==
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