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{{рут}}{{Кутијица за језик
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[[Датотека:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|мини|250px|Санскртски рукопис на палминим листовима, [[Бихар]] или [[Непал]], [[11. век]] ]]
 
'''Санскрт''' или '''санскрит''' (संस्कृतम [-{''saṃskṛtam''}-] — састављен, справљен; од речи -{''sam''}- — са, и -{''kṛta''}- — прављен) класични је [[језик]] [[Индија|Индије]] и [[Непал]]а,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Keown|first1=Damien|last2=Prebish|first2=Charles S.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-98595-9|pages=15}}; Quote: "Sanskrit served as the lingua franca of ancient India, just as Latin did in medieval Europe"</ref> односноса документованом историјом од око 3.500 година.<ref name=britsanskrit/>{{sfn|Tim Murray|2007|pp=v-vi, 1-18, 31-32, 115–116}}{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=3-12, 36-47, 111-112, Note: Sanskrit was both a literary and spoken language in ancient India.}} Он је [[литургијски језик]] у [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизму]], [[Будизам|будизму]] и [[Џаинизам|џаинизму]]. Као резултат преношења хиндуистичке и будистичке културе у [[Југоисточна Азија|југоисточну Азију]] и делове [[Централна Азија|централне Азије]], он је исто тако био и језик [[Висока култура|високе културе]] у неким од ових региона у раном средњовековном добу.<ref name=howard21>{{Cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael C.|title=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2|pages=21}}, '''Quote''': "Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. (...) The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites."</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24500-6|pages=14}}, '''Quote''': "Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power."</ref> Овај језик је био у свакодневној употребу у периоду од 2. миленијума п. н. е. до 600. п. н. е. (Ведијски санскриt<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reinöhl|first=Uta|title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref>), након чега су из њега настали [[средње индо-аријски језици]]. Санскрит је класични језик индијске књижевности. У [[Азија|Азији]] има статус сличан [[Латински језик|латинском]] и [[Грчки језик|грчком језику]] у [[Европа|Европи]]. Свети списи [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизма]], као и [[махајана]] и [[вађрајана]] будизма састављени су на санскриту.<ref name="SANSKRIT"/>
 
Санскрит је прилично сличан [[пали]]ју, језику [[теравада]] будизма. У време [[Сидарта Гаутама|Буде]] (5. век п. н. е.), санскритом се говорило само на дворовима и међу свештенством, док је пали био народни говор.<ref name="SANSKRIT">[http://srednjiput.rs/tumacenja/sravasti-dhammika-kamma/budizam-od-a-do-z/s/ Budizam od A do Ž]</ref> [[Пали]], језик теравада канона, био је један од оних дијалеката којим се говорило у Аванти провинцији, али не и језик на којем је Буда подучавао.{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}} Због тога се употреби пали терминологије не даје приоритет у односу на будистички [[санскрит]], врсту санскрита која садржи много [[пракрт]]ских речи (пракрит, народни језик, за разлику од санскрита).{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}} У Индији санскрит данас представља један од службених језика. Иако га многи сматрају мртвим језиком, још увек се учи и користи као свакодневни [[говор]] у неким индијским [[заједница]]ма.
********************
 
Sanskrit is an [[Indo-Aryan languages#Old Indo-Aryan|Old Indo-Aryan]] language.<ref name=britsanskrit/> As one of the oldest documented members of the Indo-European family of languages,{{sfn|Philipp Strazny|2013|p=500}}{{refn|group=note|The Old [[Hittite language]] and Mycenaean Greek, along with the Sanskrit language, are the oldest documented IE languages; of these, Old Hittite is dated to be the oldest.<ref name=Woodard12>{{cite book|author=Roger D. Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68494-1|pages=1–2}}, Quote: "The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BC. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family - the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek - and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family - Proto-Indo-European."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arne Hult|title=On the Development of the Present Active Participle in Bulgarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kViAAAAMAAJ |year=1991|publisher=Institutum Slavicum Universitatis Gothoburgensis|isbn=978-91-86094-11-9|page=26}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|The oldest documented South Asian language is not Sanskrit however. It is the language evidenced by the undeciphered Harrapan script from the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name=Woodard12/>}} Sanskrit holds a prominent position in [[Indo-European studies]].{{sfn|Benware|1974 |pp=25–27}} It is related to Greek and Latin,<ref name=britsanskrit/> as well as [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Luwian language|Luwian]], [[Avestan language|Old Avestan]] and many other extinct languages with historical significance to Europe, West Asia and Central Asia. It traces its linguistic ancestry to the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language]], [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] and the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] languages.{{sfn|Thomas Burrow|2001|pp= v & ch. 1}}
У Индији санскрит данас представља један од службених језика. Иако га многи сматрају мртвим језиком, још увек се учи и користи као свакодневни [[говор]] у неким индијским [[заједница]]ма.
 
Sanskrit is traceable to the [[2nd millennium BCE]] in a form known as the [[Vedic Sanskrit]], with the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as the earliest surviving text. A more standardized form (with certain simplifications) called [[Classical Sanskrit]] emerged in mid-1st millennium BCE with the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' treatise of [[Pāṇini]].<ref name=britsanskrit>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit Language| author=George Cardona| year=2012|publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language}}</ref> Sanskrit, though not necessarily Classical Sanskrit, is the root language of many Prakrit languages.<ref name="Woolner1986p3">{{cite book|author=Alfred C. Woolner|title=Introduction to Prakrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwE16UFBfdEC|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0189-9|pages=3–4}}, Quote:"If in 'Sanskrit' we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand 'Sanskrit' is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or 'Classical Sanskrit,' then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that Sauraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect of the Madhyadesa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based."</ref> Examples include numerous modern daughter Northern Indian subcontinental languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi and Nepali.<ref name="Bright2014p16">{{cite book|author=William Bright|title=American Indian Linguistics and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVa1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2014|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-086311-6|pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017">{{cite book|author=Cynthia Groff|title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-51961-0|pages=183–185}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2015p86">{{cite book|author=Iswari P. Pandey|title=South Asian in the Mid-South: Migrations of Literacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFnkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |year=2015|publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-8102-2|pages=85–86}}</ref>
 
The body of [[Sanskrit literature]] encompasses a rich tradition of [[Hindu philosophy|philosophical]] and [[dharma|religious]] texts, as well as [[poetry]], [[music]], [[Sanskrit drama|drama]], [[Scientific literature|scientific]], technical and [[Hindu texts|other texts]]. In the ancient era, Sanskrit compositions were [[Oral tradition|orally transmitted]] by methods of memorisation of exceptional complexity, rigour and fidelity.{{sfn|Staal| 1986}}{{sfn|Filliozat|2004|pp=360–375}} The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit are from the 1st-century BCE, such as the few discovered in [[Ayodhya]] and [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions|Ghosundi-Hathibada (Chittorgarh)]].{{Sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86-87}}{{refn|group=note|More numerous inscribed Sanskrit records in Brahmi have been found near [[Mathura]] and elsewhere, but these are from the 1st century CE onwards.{{Sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-89}} Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim [[Faxian]] who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Faxian: Chinese Buddhist Monk|author=Henri Arvon|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|date= 2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|pages=504 }}</ref>}} Sanskrit texts dated to the 1st millennium CE were written in the [[Brahmi script]], the [[Nāgarī script]], the historic South Indian scripts and their derivative scripts.<ref name="Grünendahl2001xiii">{{cite book|author=Reinhold Grünendahl|title=South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApAn2YZIz6wC |year=2001|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04504-9|pages=xiii–xxii}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007p51">{{cite book|author1=Dhanesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01049-00001/9 Pārameśvaratantra (MS Add.1049.1) with images] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308183704/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01049-00001/9 |date=2016-03-08 }}, Puṣkarapārameśvaratantra, University of Cambridge (2015), Quote: "One of the oldest known dated Sanskrit manuscripts from South Asia, this specimen transmits a substantial portion of the Pārameśvaratantra, a scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta, one of the Tantric theological schools that taught the worship of Śiva as "Supreme Lord" (the literal meaning of Parameśvara). [...] According to the colophon, it was copied in the year 252, which some scholars judge to be of the era established by the Nepalese king Aṃśuvarman (also known as Mānadeva), therefore corresponding to 828 CE." - a Palm Leaf manuscript at the Cambridge University Library in Late Gupta in black ink, MS Add.1049.1</ref> Sanskrit is one of the 22 languages listed in the [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]. It continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hinduism and some Buddhist practices such as [[stotra|hymns]] and [[mantra|chants]].
 
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==Etymology and nomenclature==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Sanskrit Manuscript Wellcome L0070805.jpg
| image2 = Text of colophon from Sanskrit Manuscript on medicine Wellcome L0015319.jpg
| footer = Historic Sanskrit manuscripts: a religious text (top), and a medical text.
}}
The Sanskrit [[Attributive verb#English|verbal adjective]] ''{{IAST|sáṃskṛta-}}'' is a compound word consisting of ''sams'' (together, good, well, perfected) and ''krta-'' (made, formed, work).<ref name="StevensonWaite2011">{{harvnb|Angus Stevenson|Maurice Waite|2011|p=1275}}</ref>{{sfn|Shlomo Biderman|2008|p=90}} It connotes a work that has been "well prepared, pure and perfect, polished, sacred".{{sfn|Will Durant|1963|p=406}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC |year=2005|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|page=1120}}</ref>{{sfn|Louis Renou|Jagbans Kishore Balbir|2004| pp=1-2}} According to Biderman, the perfection contextually being referred to in the etymological origins of the word is its tonal qualities, rather than semantic. Sound and oral transmission were highly valued quality in ancient India, and its sages refined the alphabet, the structure of words and its exacting grammar into a "collection of sounds, a kind of sublime musical mold", states Biderman, as an integral language they called Sanskrit.{{sfn|Shlomo Biderman|2008|p=90}} From late Vedic period onwards, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, resonating sound and its musical foundations attracted an "exceptionally large amount of linguistic, philosophical and religious literature" in India. The sound was visualized as "pervading all creation", another representation of the world itself, the "mysterious magnum" of the Hindu thought. The search for perfection in thought and of salvation was one of the dimensions of sacred sound, and the common thread to weave all ideas and inspirations became the quest for what the ancient Indians believed to be a perfect language, the "phonocentric episteme" of Sanskrit.<ref name="WilkeMoebus2011p62">{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke|author2=Oliver Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|pages=62–66 with footnotes}}</ref>{{sfn|Guy L. Beck|2006|pp=117–123}}
 
Sanskrit as a language competed with numerous less exact vernacular Indian languages called Prakritic languages (''{{IAST|[[Prakrit|prākṛta]]-}}''). The term ''prakrta'' literally means "original, natural, normal, artless", states Franklin Southworth.<ref name="Southworth2004">{{citation|last=Southworth|first=Franklin|title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC&pg=PA45|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-31777-6|page=45}}</ref> The relationship between Prakrit and Sanskrit is found in the Indian texts dated to the 1st millennium CE. Patanjali acknowledged that Prakrit is the first language, one instinctively adopted by every child with all its imperfections and later leads to the problems of interpretation and misunderstanding. The purifying structure of the Sanskrit language removes these imperfections. The early Sanskrit grammarian Dandin states, for example, that much in the Prakrit languages is etymologically rooted in Sanskrit but involve "loss of sounds" and corruptions that result from a "disregard of the grammar". Dandin acknowledged that there are words and confusing structures in Prakrit that thrive independent of Sanskrit. This view is found in the writing of Bharata Muni, the author of the ancient ''[[Natyasastra]]'' text. The early Jain scholar Namisadhu acknowledged the difference, but disagreed that the Prakrit language was a corruption of Sanskrit. Namisadhu stated that the Prakrit language was the ''purvam'' (came before, origin) and they came naturally to women and children, that Sanskrit was a refinement of the Prakrit through a "purification by grammar".<ref name="KleinJoseph2017p318">{{cite book|author1=Jared Klein|author2=Brian Joseph|author3=Matthias Fritz|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-026128-8|pages=318–320}}</ref>
 
== Порекло ==
Линија 121 ⟶ 141:
* [[Пали]]
* [[:Категорија:Санскритски изрази|Санскритски изрази]]
 
== Напомене ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
 
== Референце ==
Линија 126 ⟶ 149:
 
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|230em}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv |last=Reinöhl|first=Uta|title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}
 
* {{Cite book | ref = harv |last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24500-6|pages=14}}
* {{Cite book | ref= harv |last=Howard|first=Michael C.|title=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2|pages=21}}
Линија 136 ⟶ 158:
* {{Cite book | ref= harv |last=Kovačević|first=Branislav|title=Ovako sam čuo: Budino učenje na osnovu izvora u Pali kanonu|year=2014|url= |publisher= |location=Novi Sad–Beograd|id=}}
* {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Maurer|first=Walter|title=The Sanskrit language: an introductory grammar and reader|publisher=Curzon|location=Surrey, England|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7007-1382-0}}
 
*{{cite journal|title= Buddhist Sanskrit| author= H. W. Bailey| journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland| number= 1/2 | year= 1955| pp= 13–24| publisher = Cambridge University Press| jstor = 25581326|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Sures|title=A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|year=1989|isbn=978-81-208-0063-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1261-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC |year=2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Robert S.P. Beekes|title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An introduction, 2nd edition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC |year=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-8500-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Benware|first=Wilbur|title=The Study of Indo-European Vocalism in the 19th Century: From the Beginnings to Whitney and Scherer: A Critical-Historical Account|publisher=Benjamins| year=1974 |isbn=978-90-272-0894-1|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|author=Shlomo Biderman|title=Crossing Horizons: World, Self, and Language in Indian and Western Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfTzz8EsEbAC |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51159-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Claire Bowern|author2=Bethwyn Evans|title=The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wu4ABAAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-74324-8}}
*{{cite journal|author =Johannes Bronkhorst | publisher=University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Vidyapith Varanasi, India | year=1993 | title= Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit: The Original Language in "Aspects of Buddhist Sanskrit: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Language of Sanskrit Buddhist Texts"|pages=396–423}}
** {{Cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|author-link=Edwin Bryant (author)|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=Oxford|year=2001|isbn=0-19-513777-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Edwin Francis Bryant|author2=Laurie L. Patton|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1463-6}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Thomas Burrow|title=The Sanskrit Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1767-8}}
*{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|date= 2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Sanskrit Language| author=George Cardona| year=2012|publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=James Clackson|title=Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJDjNp6wODoC |date=18 October 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46734-6}}
*{{cite book | last=Coulson | first=Michael | title=Sanskrit : an introduction to the classical language, 2nd Edition as revised by Richard Gombrich and James Benson | publisher=Random House | year=1992 | isbn=0-340-56867-4 | oclc=26550827 | ref=harv}}
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Harold G. Coward| title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| year=1990| publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}}
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{{refend}}
 
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