Санскрт (језик) — разлика између измена

Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
Autobot (разговор | доприноси)
м datumi
Autobot (разговор | доприноси)
м Разне исправке; козметичке измене
Ред 7:
| боја=Индоевропски
| државе=[[Индија]]
| број = [[Индија]]: 14.135 [[Индијци|Индијаца]] се изјаснило да је санскрит њихов матерњи језик у [[Попис у Индији 2001|попису из 2001.]]<ref name="Census">{{cite web |url = http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.htm|title = Comparative speaker's strength of scheduled languages − 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001|work=Census of India, 2001|publisher=Office of the Registrar and Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411183701/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.htm |archive-date = 11. 4. 2009. |accessdate = 31. 12. 2009.}}</ref><br />[[Непал]]: 1,669 [[Непалци|Непалаца]] по [[Непалски попис из 2011.|попису из 2011.]] користи санскрит као свој матерњи језик.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |title = Population Monograph of Nepal}}</ref>
| позиција =
| пор1=[[Индоевропски језици|индоевропски]]
| пор2=[[Индо-ирански језици|индоирански]]
| пор3=[[Индо-аријски језици|индоаријски]]
| писмо= [[Деванагари]]<ref name="script">{{harvnb|Rosenhouse|Kowner|2013|p=210}}</ref><br />
 
Исто тако се пише у разним [[Brahmic scripts|Брахмијским писмима]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aboutworldlanguages.com/sanskrit |title = Sanskrit |last=Thompson|first=Irene|date = 23. 12. 2016}}</ref>
| службени= {{зас|Индија}} [[Утараханд]]
Линија 24 ⟶ 23:
[[Датотека:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|мини|250px|Санскртски рукопис на палминим листовима, [[Бихар]] или [[Непал]], [[11. век]] ]]
 
'''Санскрт''' или '''санскрит''' (संस्कृतम [-{''saṃskṛtam''}-] — састављен, справљен; од речи -{''sam''}- — са, и -{''kṛta''}- — прављен) класични је [[језик]] [[Индија|Индије]] и [[Непал]]а<ref>{{Cite book|last1 last = Keown|first1first=Damien|last2=Prebish|first2=Charles S.|title = Encyclopedia of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15| year = 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-98595-9|pages=15}}; Quote: "Sanskrit served as the lingua franca of ancient India, just as Latin did in medieval Europe"</ref> са документованом историјом од око 3.500 година.<ref name=britsanskrit/>{{sfn|Tim Murray|2007|pp=v-vi, 1-18, 31-32, 115–116}}{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=3-12, 36-47, 111-112, Note: Sanskrit was both a literary and spoken language in ancient India.}} Он је [[литургијски језик]] у [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизму]], [[Будизам|будизму]] и [[Џаинизам|џаинизму]]. Као резултат преношења хиндуистичке и будистичке културе у [[Југоисточна Азија|југоисточну Азију]] и делове [[Централна Азија|централне Азије]], он је исто тако био и језик [[Висока култура|високе културе]] у неким од ових региона у раном средњовековном добу.<ref name=howard21>{{Cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael C.|title = Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA21| year = 2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2|pages=21}}, '''Quote''': "Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. (...) The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites."</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title = The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14| year = 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24500-6|pages=14}}, '''Quote''': "Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power."</ref> Овај језик је био у свакодневној употребу у периоду од 2. миленијума п. н. е. до 600. п. н. е. (Ведијски санскриt<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reinöhl|first=Uta|title = Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ | year = 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref>), након чега су из њега настали [[средње индо-аријски језици]]. Санскрит је класични језик индијске књижевности. У [[Азија|Азији]] има статус сличан [[Латински језик|латинском]] и [[Грчки језик|грчком језику]] у [[Европа|Европи]]. Свети списи [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизма]], као и [[махајана]] и [[вађрајана]] будизма састављени су на санскриту.<ref name="SANSKRIT"/>
 
Санскрит је прилично сличан [[пали]]ју, језику [[теравада]] будизма. У време [[Сидарта Гаутама|Буде]] (5. век п. н. е.), санскритом се говорило само на дворовима и међу свештенством, док је пали био народни говор.<ref name="SANSKRIT">[http://srednjiput.rs/tumacenja/sravasti-dhammika-kamma/budizam-od-a-do-z/s/ Budizam od A do Ž]</ref> [[Пали]], језик теравада канона, био је један од оних дијалеката којим се говорило у Аванти провинцији, али не и језик на којем је Буда подучавао.{{sfn|Елијаде |1996|pp=40–59}} Због тога се употреби пали терминологије не даје приоритет у односу на будистички [[санскрит]], врсту санскрита која садржи много [[пракрит]]ских речи (пракрит, народни језик, за разлику од санскрита).{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}} У Индији санскрит данас представља један од службених језика. Иако га многи сматрају мртвим језиком, још увек се учи и користи као свакодневни [[говор]] у неким индијским [[заједница]]ма.
 
Санскрит је [[Indo-Aryan languages#Old Indo-Aryan|стари индоаријски]] језик.<ref name=britsanskrit/> Као један од најстријих документованих чланова индоевропске фамилије језика,{{sfn|Philipp Strazny|2013|p=500}}{{refn|group=note|Стари [[Hittite language|хетски јазик]] и микенски грчки, заједно са санскритом, су најстарији документовани индоевропски језици; међу њима, стари хетски је датиран као најстарији.<ref name=Woodard12>{{citeCite book|authorlast=Woodard|first=Roger D. Woodard|title = The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC | year = 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68494-1|pages=1–2}}, Quote: "The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BC. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family - the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek - and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family - Proto-Indo-European."</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlast=Arne Hult|first=Arne|title = On the Development of the Present Active Participle in Bulgarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kViAAAAMAAJ | year = 1991|publisher=Institutum Slavicum Universitatis Gothoburgensis|isbn=978-91-86094-11-9|pagepages = 26}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|Најстарији документовани јужноазијски језик није санскрит. То је језик евидентиран недешифрованим Харапанским писмом из трећег миленијума п. н. е.<ref name=Woodard12/>}} санскрит има проминентну позицију у [[Indo-European studies|индоевропским]] студијама.{{sfn|Benware|1974 |pp=25–27}} Он је сродан са грчким и латинским,<ref name=britsanskrit/> као и [[Hittite language|хетским]], [[Luwian language|лувиским]], [[Авестански језик|старим авестанским]] и многим другим изумрлим језицима од историјског значаја у Европи, Западној Азији и Централној Азији. Његово лингвистичко порекло се може следити до [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|прото-индоаријских]], [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|прото-индоиранских]] и [[Праиндоевропски језик|прото-индоевропских]] језика.{{sfn|Thomas Burrow|2001|pp= v & ch. 1}}
 
Санскрит је могуће пратити до [[2. миленијум п. н. е.|2. миленијума п. н. е.]] у форми познатој као [[Vedic Sanskrit|ведски]] санскрит, са ''[[Ригведа|Ригведом]]'' као најранијим сачуваним текстом. Знатно више стандардизован облик (са извесним поједностављењима) који се назива класичним санскритом појавио се средином првог миленијума п. н. е. са -{''Aṣṭādhyāyī''}- трактатом [[Pāṇini|Панинија]].<ref name=britsanskrit>{{cite book|title = Sanskrit Language| authorlast=George Cardona|first=George| year = 2012|publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language}}</ref> Санскрит, мада не нужно класични санскрит, је језички корен многих пракритских језика.<ref name="Woolner1986p3">{{cite book|authorlast=Woolner|first=Alfred C. Woolner|title = Introduction to Prakrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwE16UFBfdEC| year = 1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0189-9|pages=3–4}}, Quote:"If in 'Sanskrit' we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand 'Sanskrit' is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or 'Classical Sanskrit,' then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that Sauraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect of the Madhyadesa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based."</ref> Примери обухватају бројне модерне изведене северно-индијске потконтиненталне језике, као што су [[Хинди (језик)|хинди]], [[Маратхи језик|марати]], [[Бенгалски језик|бенгалски]], [[Панџаби (језик)|панџаби]] и [[Непалски језик|непалски]].<ref name="Bright2014p16">{{cite book|authorlast=William Bright|first=William|title = American Indian Linguistics and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVa1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16| year = 2014|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-086311-6|pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017">{{cite book|authorlast=Cynthia Groff|first=Cynthia|title = The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ | year = 2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-51961-0|pages=183–185}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2015p86">{{cite book|authorlast=Pandey|first=Iswari P. Pandey|title = South Asian in the Mid-South: Migrations of Literacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFnkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 | year = 2015|publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-8102-2|pages=85–86}}</ref>
 
Тело [[Sanskrit literature|санскритске литературе]] обухвата богату традицију [[Hindu philosophy|филозофских]] и [[dharma|религиозних]] текстова, као и [[Поезија|поезију]], [[Музика|музику]], [[Sanskrit drama|драму]], [[Научна литература|научне]], техничке и [[Hindu texts|друге]] текстове. У древној ери, Санскритске композиције су биле [[Oral tradition|орално преношене]] методом меморисања изузетне сложености, ригорозности и верности.{{sfn|Staal| 1986}}{{sfn|Filliozat|2004|pp=360–375}} Најстарији познати натписи на санскрту су из првог века п. н. е, као што је неколико откривених у [[Ayodhya|Ајодији]] и [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions|Хатибади Госанди]].{{Sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86-87}}{{refn|group=note|More numerous inscribed Sanskrit records in Brahmi have been found near [[Mathura]] and elsewhere, but these are from the 1st century CE onwards.{{Sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-89}} Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim [[Faxian]] who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title = Faxian: Chinese Buddhist Monk|authorlast=Henri Arvon|first=Henri|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1 last = Buswell|first=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title = The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|date year = 2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|pages=504 }}</ref>}} Санскритски текстови датирани на први миленијум ове ере су написани у [[Brahmi script|Брахми писму]], [[Nāgarī script|Нагари писму]], историјским јужно индијским писмима и њиховмим деривативним писмима.<ref name="Grünendahl2001xiii">{{cite book|authorlast=Reinhold Grünendahl|first=Reinhold|title = South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApAn2YZIz6wC | year = 2001|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04504-9|pages=xiii–xxii}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007p51">{{cite book|author1 last =Dhanesh Jain|first=Dhanesh|author2=George Cardona|title = The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ | year = 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01049-00001/9 Pārameśvaratantra (MS Add.1049.1) with images] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308183704/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01049-00001/9 | date = 088. 033. 2016 }}, Puṣkarapārameśvaratantra, University of Cambridge (2015), Quote: "One of the oldest known dated Sanskrit manuscripts from South Asia, this specimen transmits a substantial portion of the Pārameśvaratantra, a scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta, one of the Tantric theological schools that taught the worship of Śiva as "Supreme Lord" (the literal meaning of Parameśvara). [...] According to the colophon, it was copied in the year 252, which some scholars judge to be of the era established by the Nepalese king Aṃśuvarman (also known as Mānadeva), therefore corresponding to 828 CE." - a Palm Leaf manuscript at the Cambridge University Library in Late Gupta in black ink, MS Add.1049.1</ref> Санскрит је један од 22 језика наведених у [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|осмом распореду устава Индије]]. Он се и даље широко користи као церемонијални и ритуални језик у хиндуизму и делу будистичке праксе, као што су [[stotra|химне]] и [[Мантра|мантре]].
 
== Етимологија и номенклатура ==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Sanskrit Manuscript Wellcome L0070805.jpg
| image2 = Text of colophon from Sanskrit Manuscript on medicine Wellcome L0015319.jpg
| footer = Историјски санскритски рукописи: верски текст (врх) и медицински текст.
}}
 
Санскрит [[Attributive verb#English|глаголски придев]] ''{{IAST|sáṃskṛta-}}'' је сложена реч која се састоји од -{''sams''}- (заједно, добро, ваљано, перфектно) и -{''krta-''}- (направљен, формиран, рад).<ref name="StevensonWaite2011">{{harvnb|Angus Stevenson|Maurice Waite|2011|p=1275}}</ref>{{sfn|Shlomo Biderman|2008|p=90}} То означава дело које је „добро припремљено, чисто и савршено, полирано, свето”.{{sfn|Will Durant|1963|p=406}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams|title = A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC | year = 2005|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|pagepages = 1120}}</ref>{{sfn|Louis Renou|Jagbans Kishore Balbir|2004| pp=1-2}} Према Бидерману, савршенство које се контекстуално спомиње у етимолошком корену ове речи је њен тонални квалитет, пре него семантика. Звучни и орални пренос су били високо цењени квалитет у древној Индији, а њихови мудраци су пречишћавали абецеду, структуру речи и строгу граматику језика у „колекцију звукова, неку врсту узвишеног музичког калупа”, каже Бидерман, као интегрални језик који су они звали Санскрит.{{sfn|Shlomo Biderman|2008|p=90}} Од касног [[Ведска цивилизација|Ведског]] периода на даље, наводе Анет Вилке и Оливер Моебус, резонантни звук и његове музичке основе привукли су „изузетно велику количину лингвистичке, филозофске и верске литературе” у Индији. Звук је визуализован као „прожимајући сву креацију”, још једну репрезентацију самог света, „мистериозни магнум” хиндуистичке мисли. Потрага за савршеношћу у размишљању и спасењу била је једна од димензија светог звука, и заједничка нит за повезивање свих идеја и инспирација постала је потрага за оним што су древни Индијци сматрали савршеним језиком, „фоноцентричним епистемом” санскрита.<ref name="WilkeMoebus2011p62">{{cite book|author1 last =Annette Wilke|first=Annette|author2=Oliver Moebus|title = Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC | year = 2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|pages=62–66 with62–66with footnotes}}</ref>{{sfn|Guy L. Beck|2006|pp=117–123}}
 
Санскрит као језик се такмичио са бројним мање прецизним домаћим индијским језицима званим пракритни језици (''{{IAST|[[Prakrit|prākṛta]]-}}''). Термин -{''prakrta''}- дословно значи „оригиналан, природан, нормалан, неизвештачен”, наводи Франклин Саутворт.<ref name="Southworth2004">{{citation|last=Southworth|first=Franklin|title = Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC&pg=PA45| year = 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-31777-6|pagepages = 45}}</ref> Однос између пракрите и санскрита се може докучити из индијски текстова из првог миленијума ове ере. Патањали је потврдио да је пракрит први језик, који инстинктивно прихвата свако дете са свим несавршеностима и да касније доводи до интерпретационих проблема и неспоразума. Прочишћавајућа структура санскртског језика уклања ове несавршености. Рани санскритски граматичар Дандин тврди, на пример, да је много тога у пракритским језицима етимолошки укорењено на санскриту, али долази до „губитка звукова” и корупција које произлазе из „занемаривања граматике”. Дандин је напоменуо и да постоје речи и збуњујуће структуре у пракриту које су широко кориштене независно од санскрита. Ово гледиште се налази у писању Барата Мунија, аутора древног текста „[[Natyasastra|Натјасастра]]”. Рани [[Ђаинизам|ђаинистички]] учењак Намисаду је потврдио разлику, али се није сложио да је језик пракрита корупција санскрита. Намисаду је сматрао да је пракритски језик био -{''purvam''}- (да је дошао раније), док је санскрт био рафинирана верзија пракритаа створена путем „пречишћавања граматике”.<ref name="KleinJoseph2017p318">{{cite book|author1 last =Jared Klein|first=Jared|author2=Brian Joseph|author3last3=Matthias Fritz|first3=Matthias|title = Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ | year = 2017|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-026128-8|pages=318–320}}</ref>
 
== Порекло ==
Линија 141 ⟶ 140:
 
== Напомене ==
{{Reflistreflist|group=note}}
 
== Референце ==
Линија 147 ⟶ 146:
 
== Литература ==
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* {{cite journal| title = The Early History of Indo-European Languages| author1last = Gamkrelidze|first=Thomas V. Gamkrelidze |author2= V. V. Ivanov| journal = Scientific American| volume= 262| number= 3| year = 1990| pp= 110–117| publisher= Nature America| jstor= 24996796|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Thomas V. Gamkrelidze|author2=Vjaceslav V. Ivanov|title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC |year=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081503-0}}
* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last= JamisonGoody|first = StephanieJack|title editor=Roger D. Woodard|title=The AncientInterface LanguagesBetween ofthe AsiaWritten and the AmericasOral |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oICTepXQMN6lfUC | year = 20081987|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-6849433794-16 }}
* {{cite journal| title= The Early History of Indo-European Languages| author1= Thomas V. Gamkrelidze |author2= V. V. Ivanov| journal = Scientific American| volume= 262| number= 3| year=1990| pp= 110–117| publisher= Nature America| jstor= 24996796|ref=harv}}
* {{citeCite book |author ref =Jack Goodyharv |last=Grünendahl|first=Reinhold|title =The InterfaceSouth BetweenIndian theScripts Writtenin Sanskrit Manuscripts and thePrints: OralGrantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TepXQMN6lfUCApAn2YZIz6wC | year =1987 2001|publisher=CambridgeOtto University PressHarrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-03-521447-3379404504-6 |ref=harv9}}
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* {{cite bookjournal|last=HoubenHanneder|first=JanJ.|title =Ideology andOn status"The of Sanskrit: contributions to the historyDeath of the Sanskrit"|journal=Indo-Iranian languageJournal|publisher= Brill Academic Publishers|volume=45|issue=4| year =1996|isbn 2002|doi=90-04-10613-810.1023/a:1021366131934|ref=harv| pages = 293–310}}
* {{cite journal| last =Hanneder Hock|first=JHans Henrich|editor-last=Kachru|editor-first=Braj B.|title =On "The=Language-death Deathphenomena ofin Sanskrit: grammatical evidence for attrition in contemporary spoken Sanskrit"|journal=Indo-IranianStudies Journal|publisher=Brillin Academicthe Publishers|volume=45|issue=4linguistic Sciences| year =2002 1983|pagesvolume=293–310|doi=10.1023/a13:10213661319342|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Holdrege|first=Barbara A.|title = Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC | year = 2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hock|first1=Hans Henrich|editor1-last=Kachru|editor1-first=Braj B|title=Language-death phenomena in Sanskrit: grammatical evidence for attrition in contemporary spoken Sanskrit|journal=Studies in the linguistic Sciences| year = 1983|volume=13:2|ref=harv}}
* {{citeCite book |author ref =Barbara A.harv Holdrege|title last =Veda andJain|first=Dhanesh|author2=George Torah:Cardona|title Transcending= theThe TextualityIndo-Aryan ofLanguages Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmICOtCPAgAAQBAJ | year =2012 2007|publisher=State University of New York PressRoutledge|isbn=978-1-4384135-069579711-4|ref=harv9}}
* {{cite book|author1ref=Dhaneshharv| Jainlast = Jamison|author2first=GeorgeStephanie CardonaW.|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel P.|title = The IndoRigveda: 3-AryanVolume LanguagesSet, Volume I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ fgzVAwAAQBAJ| year =2007 2014|publisher=RoutledgeOxford University Press|isbn=978-10-13519-79711972078-9|ref=harv1}}
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* {{citation |last=Umāsvāti |first= Umaswami |title=That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rw4RwN9Q1kC |year=1994 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-06-068985-8 }}
* {{citeCite book |author1 ref = harv | last =Annette Wilke|first=Annette|author2=Oliver Moebus|title = Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC | year = 2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wayman|first1=Alex|title=The Buddhism and the Sanskrit of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=85|issue=1|year=1965| doi=10.2307/597713|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Whitney | first=W. D. | title = The Roots of the Sanskrit Language | journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) | publisher=JSTOR | volume=16 | year =1885 1885| issn=0271-4442 | doi=10.2307/2935779 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke|author2=Oliver Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Witzel|first=M|title = Inside the texts, beyond the texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas| year = 1997|publisher=Harvard University Press.|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/intro.pdf}}
* {{cite journal | last=Whitney | first=W. D. | title=The Roots of the Sanskrit Language | journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) | publisher=JSTOR | volume=16 | year=1885 | issn=0271-4442 | doi=10.2307/2935779 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1ref=Witzel harv|first1last=M Jamison|titlefirst =Inside theStephanie| texts,editor=Roger beyondD. theWoodard|title texts:= NewThe approachesAncient toLanguages theof studyAsia ofand the VedasAmericas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC | year = 19972008|publisher=HarvardCambridge University Press.|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|urlisbn=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/intro.pdf|ref=harv978-0-521-68494-1}}
* {{cite book|ref= harv|last= Jamison|first = Stephanie| editor=Roger D. Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |year= 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-68494-1}}
{{refend}}