Меиђи обнова — разлика између измена
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{{Историја Јапана}}
'''Меиџи обнова''' ({{јез-јап|明治維新}}, ''Меиџи изин''), још познато и као '''Меиџи рестаурација''' или '''Меиџи револуција''', је комплекс политичких, војних и социјално-економских реформи у [[Јапанско царство|Јапану]] од [[1868]]. до [[1889]]. године,<ref>[http://interpretive.ru/dictionary/960/word/myeidzi-restavracija Мэйдзи реставрация. Оксфордская Иллюстрированная Энциклопедия Всемирная история] {{Wayback|url=http://interpretive.ru/dictionary/960/word/myeidzi-restavracija |date=20150721143607 }} «Чаще всего периодом М.р. считается время с момента свержения сёгуна-та до офиц. ввода в действие новой конституции (Мэйдзи конституция) в 1889 г.»</ref> које су претвориле назадну аграну [[земља (геополитика)|земљу]] у једну од водећих земаља на свијету. Обнова је прелазак са [[самурај]]ског система са [[шогун]]ом на челу на непосредну царску власт на челу са [[цар Јапана|царем]] [[Муцухито]]м и његовом [[Кабинет Јапана|владом]]. Политика обнове је значајно утицала на политички систем, законодавство, царски двор, покрајинску администрацију, финансије, индустрију, дипломатију, образовање, религију и друге сфере живота обичних [[Јапанци|Јапанаца]]. Са Меиџи обновом почело је формирање нововјековне јапанске националне државе, као и јапанског националног идентитета.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Chih-yu |last=Shih|jstor=23462195 |title=A Rising Unknown: Rediscovering China in Japan's East Asia |date=Spring 2011 |issue=1 |volume=11 |journal=China Review|publisher=Chinese University Press |pages=2}}</ref> За године обнове карактеристично је разбијање јапанског традиционалног начина живота и убрзано прихватање западњачког начина живота. Због тога, обнова се понекад назива „Меиџи револуција“.<ref>Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. 712-13.
* Henry Kissinger On China. 2011 pp. 79.</ref>
== Страни утицај ==
The Japanese knew that they were behind the Western world when American [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] [[Matthew C. Perry]] came to Japan in 1853 in [[Black Ships|large warships]] with armament and technology that far outclassed those of Japan with the intent to conclude a treaty that would open up Japanese ports to trade.<ref>Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. 712-13.</ref> Figures like [[Shimazu Nariakira]] concluded that "if we take the initiative, we can dominate; if we do not, we will be dominated", leading Japan to "throw open its doors to foreign technology." Observing Japan's response to the Western powers, Chinese general [[Li Hongzhang]] considered Japan to be China's "principal security threat" as early as 1863, five years before the Meiji Restoration.<ref name="China p.79">Henry Kissinger On China. 2011 p.79</ref>
The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule to strengthen Japan against the threat represented by the colonial powers of the day, bringing to an end the era known as ''[[sakoku]]'' (the foreign relations policy, lasting about 250 years, prescribing the death penalty for foreigners entering or Japanese nationals leaving the country). The word "Meiji" means "enlightened rule" and the goal was to combine "modern advances" with traditional "eastern" values.<ref>Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. 712-13.
* Henry Kissinger On China. 2011 p.79</ref>
== Империјална рестаурација ==
The foundation of the Meiji Restoration was the 1866 [[Satchō Alliance|Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance]] between [[Saigō Takamori]] and [[Kido Takayoshi]], leaders of the [[Sonnō jōi|reform]]ist elements in the [[Satsuma Domain]] and [[Chōshū Domain]]. These two leaders supported the [[Emperor Kōmei]] (Emperor Meiji's father) and were brought together by [[Sakamoto Ryōma]] for the purpose of challenging the ruling [[Tokugawa shogunate]] (''bakufu'') and restoring the Emperor to power. After Emperor Kōmei's death on January 30, 1867, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne on February 3. This period also saw Japan change from being a feudal society to having a market economy and left the Japanese with a lingering influence of [[Modernity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Meiji Restoration and Modernization|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_meiji.htm|website=Asia for Educators, Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=7 May 2018}}</ref>
== Слијед догађаја ==
Линија 30 ⟶ 43:
{{главни чланак|Заклетва од пет тачака|Шеитаисо|Даиџекан}}
Током грађанског рата царска влада је поставила нове политичке стандарде. У фебруару 1868. поручено је свим страним представницима у Јапану, да је нова влада представник легитимне власти. Цар је постао шеф државе, а у његовој надлежности су били и спољни послови. Заклетву од пет тачака је издао 6. априла 1868, у којој је истакао принципе тока обнове. Заклетва је укључивала колектвино управљање, учешће свих друштвених класа у доношењу одлука, одбацивање ксенофобије и поштовање међународног права, отвореност Јапана према свијету ради нових знања, која су потребна за ојачавање земље. Заклетву су полагали пред [[ками (шинтоизам)|јапанским божанствима]] сви чланови владе у присуству цара.
== Крај шогуната ==
{{Main|Bakumatsu}}
The Tokugawa government had been founded in the 17th century and initially focused on reestablishing order in social, political and international affairs after a century of warfare. The political structure, established by Ieyasu and solidified under his two immediate successors, his son Hidetada (who ruled from 1616–23) and grandson Iemitsu (1623–51), bound all daimyos to the shogunate and limited any individual daimyo from acquiring too much land or power.<ref>{{cite web|title=TOKUGAWA PERIOD AND MEIJI RESTORATION|url=http://www.history.com/topics/meiji-restoration|publisher=History.com|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref> The Tokugawa shogunate came to its official end on November 9, 1867, when [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], the 15th Tokugawa ''[[shōgun]]'', "put his prerogatives at the Emperor's disposal" and resigned 10 days later.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Meiji-Restoration|title=Meiji Restoration {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref> This was effectively the "restoration" (''Taisei Hōkan'') of imperial rule – although Yoshinobu still had significant influence and it was not until January 3, the following year, with the young Emperor's edict, that the restoration fully occurred.<ref>"One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868." Jansen (2000), p. 334.</ref>
Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the [[Boshin War]] (War of the Year of the Dragon) started with the [[Battle of Toba–Fushimi]] in which Chōshū and [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]]'s forces defeated the ex-''shōgun''{{'}}s army. This forced (or allowed) the Emperor to strip Yoshinobu of all power, setting the stage for official restoration. On January 3, 1868, the Emperor made a formal declaration of the restoration of his power:
{{quote|The Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the ''[[Shōgun]]'' Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. Consequently, the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of [[Taikun]], in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs. It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement.|[[Mutsuhito]], January 3, 1868<ref>Quoted and translated in ''A Diplomat In Japan'', [[Sir Ernest Satow]], p. 353, {{ISBN|978-1-933330-16-7}}</ref>}}
All Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under "imperial control", thus placing them under the prerogative of the new [[Government of Meiji Japan|Meiji government]]. With [[Fuhanken sanchisei]], the areas were split into three types: {{nihongo|urban [[prefecture]]s|府|fu}}, {{nihongo|rural prefectures|県|ken}} and the already existing domains.
In 1869, the ''[[daimyō]]s'' of the [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]], [[Hizen Domain|Hizen]], Satsuma and [[Chōshū Domain]]s, who were pushing most fiercely against the shogunate, were persuaded to "return their domains to the Emperor". Other daimyo were subsequently persuaded to do so, thus creating, arguably for the first time, a central government in Japan which exercised direct power through the entire "realm" ([[Tianxia#Japan|天下]]).
Some shogunate forces escaped to [[Hokkaidō]], where they attempted to set up a breakaway [[Republic of Ezo]]; however, forces loyal to the Emperor ended this attempt in May 1869 with the [[Battle of Hakodate]] in Hokkaidō. The defeat of the armies of the former ''shōgun'' (led by [[Enomoto Takeaki]] and [[Hijikata Toshizō]]) marked the final end of the Tokugawa shogunate, with the Emperor's power fully restored.
Finally, by 1872, the ''daimyōs'', past and present, were summoned before the Emperor, where it was declared that [[abolition of the han system|all domains were now to be returned to the Emperor]]. The roughly 280 domains were turned into 72 prefectures, each under the control of a state-appointed governor. If the ''daimyōs'' peacefully complied, they were given a prominent voice in the new Meiji government.<ref>[[David "Race" Bannon]], “Redefining Traditional Feudal Ethics in Japan during the Meiji Restoration,” Asian Pacific Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1994): 27-35.</ref> Later, their debts and payments of samurai stipends were either taxed heavily or turned in to bonds which resulted in a large loss of wealth among former samurai.<ref name="polsy">{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Andrew|title=A Modern History of Japan From Tokugawa Times to the Present.|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780198027089|pages=61–62}}</ref>
== Војна реформа ==
{{Main|Меиџи период|Влада Меиџи периода|Веиџи устав|Аболиција ханског система}}
Меиџи цар је објавио у својојс царској заклетви из 1868. да „Знање ће се тражити широм свијета, а тиме ће се ојачати темељи империјалне владавине”.<ref name="China p.79"/>
Под вођством [[Мори Аринори]]ја, група проминентних јапанских интелектуралаца је формирала [[Meirokusha|Meiji Six Society]] in 1873 to continue to "promote civilization and enlightenment" through modern ethics and ideas. However, during the restoration, political power simply moved from the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] to an [[oligarchy]] consisting of these leaders, mostly from [[Satsuma Province]] ([[Ōkubo Toshimichi]] and [[Saigō Takamori]]), and [[Chōshū Province]] ([[Itō Hirobumi]], [[Yamagata Aritomo]], and Kido Takayoshi). This reflected their belief in the more traditional practice of imperial rule, whereby the [[Tenno|Emperor of Japan]] serves solely as the spiritual authority of the nation and his ministers govern the nation in his name.<ref name="polsy" />
[[Meiji oligarchy|Меиџи олигархија]] која је формирала владу под управом цара прво је увела мере за консолидацију своје моћи усмерен против остатака владе Едо периода, шогуната, -{''daimyōs''}-, и [[самурај]]ске класе. Олигарси су такође настојали да се укину [[Four occupations|четири поделе друштва]].
[[Датотека:Tokyo hoheikosho.jpg|thumb|[[Токио|Токијски]] [[Koishikawa Arsenal|Којшикава арсенал]] је успостављен 1871.]]
Throughout Japan at the time, the samurai numbered 1.9 million. (For comparison, this was more than 10 times the size of the French privileged class before the 1789 [[French Revolution]]. Moreover, the samurai in Japan were not merely the lords, but also their higher retainers—people who actually worked.) With each samurai being paid fixed stipends, their upkeep presented a tremendous financial burden, which may have prompted the oligarchs to action.<ref name="polsy" />
Whatever their true intentions, the oligarchs embarked on another slow and deliberate process to abolish the samurai class. First, in 1873, it was announced that the samurai stipends were to be taxed on a rolling basis. Later, in 1874, the samurai were given the option to convert their stipends into [[government bond]]s. Finally, in 1876, this commutation was made compulsory.
Да би реформисала војску, влада је покренула војну регрутација на државном нивоу 1873. године, условљавајући да сваки мушкарац треба да служи четири године у оружаним снагама након што напуни 21 годину живота, и да томе требају да следе још три године у резерви. One of the primary differences between the samurai and peasant classes was the [[right to bear arms]]; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. Furthermore, samurai were no longer allowed to walk about town bearing a sword or weapon to show their status.
This led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the major riots was the one led by Saigō Takamori, the [[Satsuma Rebellion]], which eventually turned into a civil war. This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly formed [[Imperial Japanese Army]], trained in Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. This sent a strong message to the dissenting samurai that their time was indeed over. There were fewer subsequent samurai uprisings and the distinction became all but a name as the samurai joined the new society. The ideal of samurai military spirit lived on in romanticized form and was often used as propaganda during the early 20th-century wars of the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref name="polsy" />
However, it is equally true that the majority of samurai were content despite having their status abolished. Many found employment in the government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its own right. The samurai, being better educated than most of the population, became teachers, gun makers, government officials, and/or military officers. While the formal title of samurai was abolished, the elitist spirit that characterized the samurai class lived on.
The oligarchs also embarked on a series of [[Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)|land reforms]]. In particular, they legitimized the tenancy system which had been going on during the Tokugawa period. Despite the [[bakufu]]'s best efforts to freeze the four classes of society in place, during their rule villagers had begun to lease land out to other farmers, becoming rich in the process. This greatly disrupted the clearly defined class system which the bakufu had envisaged, partly leading to their eventual downfall.<ref name="polsy" />
The military of Japan, being strengthened by nationwide conscription and the infusion of a samurai military spirit, became emboldened to see themselves as a growing world power after winning both the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] and the [[Russo-Japanese War]].
== Извори ==
Линија 142 ⟶ 196:
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