Комонвелт нација — разлика између измена
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{{рут}}{{Infobox organization
|name = Комонвелт нација
|founder =
|лого = Commonwealth of Nations logo.svg
|лого_опис = Логотип Комонвелта
|слика =
|image_border =
|size =
|caption =
|map = Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg
|msize = 250п
|mcaption = [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Земље чланице Комонвелта]]
|abbreviation =
|motto =
|formation = 11. децембар 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-12-06 |title=Annex B — Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref>
|extinction =
|type = [[Међувладина организација]]
|status =
|purpose =
|method = Земље чланице
|headquarters = [[Marlborough House|Марлборо кућа]]
|location = [[Лондон]], -{SW1}-<br>Уједињено Краљевство
|region_served =
|membership = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;
| title = [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|53 државе]]
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}}}
| {{flaglist|Аустралија}}
| {{flaglist|The Bahamas}}
| {{flaglist|Бангладеш}}
| {{flaglist|Barbados}}
| {{flaglist|Белизе}}
| {{flaglist|Botswana}}
| {{flaglist|Brunei}}
| {{flaglist|Cameroon}}
| {{flaglist|Канада}}
| {{flaglist|Кипар}}
| {{flaglist|Доминика}}
| {{flaglist|Фиџи}}
| {{flaglist|Гамбија}}
| {{flaglist|Гана}}
| {{flaglist|Гренада}}
| {{flaglist|Гвајана}}
| {{flaglist|Индија}}
| {{flaglist|Јамајка}}
| {{flaglist|Кенија}}
| {{flaglist|Кирибати}}
| {{flaglist|Лесото}}
| {{flaglist|Малави}}
| {{flaglist|Малезија}}
| {{flaglist|Малта}}
| {{flaglist|Маурицијус}}
| {{flaglist|Мозамбик}}
| {{flaglist|Намибија}}
| {{flaglist|Науру}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Нови Зеланд}}}}
| {{flaglist|Нигерија}}
| {{flaglist|Пакистан}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Папуа Нова Гвинеја}}}}
| {{flaglist|Руанда}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Сент Китс и Невис}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Света Луција}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Сент Винсент и Гренадини}}}}
| {{flaglist|Самоа}}
| {{flaglist|Сејшели}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Сијера Леоне}}}}
| {{flaglist|Сингапур}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Соломонова Острва}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Јужна Африка}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Шри Ланка}}}}
| {{flaglist|Есватини}}
| {{flaglist|Танзанија}}
| {{flaglist|Тонга}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Тринидад и Тобаго}}}}
| {{flaglist|Тувалу}}
| {{flaglist|Уганда}}
| {{nowrap|{{flaglist|Уједињено Краљевство}}}}
| {{flaglist|Вануату}}
| {{flaglist|Замбија}}
}}
|language = [[English language|Енглески]]
|leader_title = [[Head of the Commonwealth|Вођа]]
|leader_name = [[Елизабета II|Елизабета -{II}-]]
|main_organ =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = {{URL|http://thecommonwealth.org/}}
|remarks =
}}
'''Комонвелт нација''' ({{Јез-енгл|Commonwealth of Nations}} или -{''the Commonwealth''}-<ref name="name">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm|title=BBC News – Profile: The Commonwealth|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 2012}}</ref>) је [[Међувладина организација|удружење]] независних [[Сувереност|суверених]] земаља широм света од којих су већина некадашњи припадници бивших [[territorial evolution of the British Empire|територија]] [[Британска империја|Британске империје]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us |title=About us |publisher=The Commonwealth |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> Познат је још и под називима '''Комонвелт''', '''Британски Комонвелт нација''' и '''Британски Комонвелт''' ({{Јез-енгл|British Commonwealth}}). Удружење је лабавог карактера; чланице, којих тренутно има [[member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|53]], могу да напусте Комонвелт кад год желе.
На челу Комонвелта традиционално се налази британски монарх, тренутно [[елизабета II|краљица Елизабета II]]. Краљица представља симбол јединства држава Комонвелта и нема никакву суштинску извршну моћ. Већина чланица има сопствене шефове држава, док 16 њих признаје [[Британска монархија|британског монарха]] као вођу. Те чланице се називају [[Крунске земље Комонвелта]] ({{jез-енгл|Commonwealth Realms}}). [[Уједињено Краљевство]] нема моћ да кроз структуре Комонвелта на било који начин утиче на политику и унутрашња питања земаља чланица.
The chief institutions of the organisation are the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]], which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the [[Commonwealth Foundation]], which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states.<ref name="the commonwealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/191247/the_commonwealth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122827/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/191247/the_commonwealth/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 June 2010|title=The Commonwealth|publisher=The Commonwealth|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> На челу Секретаријата Комонвелта, главне повезнице свих чланица, налази се генерални секретар Камалеш Шарма. Седиште Комонвелта се налази у [[Вестминстер]]у, [[Лондон]].
The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the [[decolonization|decolonisation]] of the British Empire through increased [[self-governance]] of its territories. It was originally created as the ''British Commonwealth of Nations''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CONFERENCE 1926 INTER-IMPERIAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE REPORT, PROCEEDINGS AND MEMORANDA|date=November 1926|accessdate=14 June 2018|quote = Their position and mutual relation may be readily defined. ''They are autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations'' }}</ref> through the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] at the [[1926 Imperial Conference]], and formalised by the United Kingdom through the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] in 1931. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the [[London Declaration]] in 1949, which modernised the community, and established the member states as "free and equal".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045924/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=6 July 2010|title=The London Declaration|publisher=The Commonwealth|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref>
Member states have no legal obligations to one another. Instead, they are united by [[English language|language]], history, culture and their shared values of [[democracy]], [[human rights]] and the [[rule of law]].<ref name="the commonwealth" /> These values are enshrined in the [[Charter of the Commonwealth|Commonwealth Charter]]<ref name="charter">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/252053/charter.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104213639/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/252053/charter.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=Charter of the Commonwealth|publisher=The Commonwealth|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> and promoted by the quadrennial [[Commonwealth Games]].
The countries of the Commonwealth cover more than {{convert|29958050|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, equivalent to 20% of the world's land area and spans all six inhabited [[continent]]s.
== Историја ==
Линија 15 ⟶ 112:
Узима се да модеран Комонвелт настаје Лондонском декларацијом из [[1949]]. када је озваничена чињеница да су његове чланице независне суверене државе. Чланству нису приступили бројни бивши протекторати ([[Египат]], [[Израел]], [[Ирак]], [[Судан]], [[Катар]], [[Уједињени Арапски Емирати]], [[Бахреин]]...). [[Република Ирска|Ирска]] је, такође, одлучила да не приступи Комонвелту.
=== Порекло концепта и успостављање појма ===
{{Main|Британска империја|Историографија Британске империје}}
[[Датотека:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg|thumb|лево|250п|Премијери пет земаља чланица 1944. године на [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Конференцији премијера Комонвелта]]. (Л-Д) [[Mackenzie King|Мекензи Кинг]] ([[Канада]]), [[Jan Smuts|Џен Сматс]] ([[Јужна Африка]]), [[Винстон Черчил]] ([[Уједињено Краљевство]]), [[Peter Fraser (New Zealand politician)|Питер Фрејзер]] ([[Нови Зеланд]]) и [[John Curtin|Џон Куртин]] ([[Аустралија]])]]
[[Елизабета II|Краљица Елизабета -{II}-]], у њеном обраћању [[Канада|Канади]] на [[Canada Day|Дан Канаде]] 1959. године, pointed out that the [[Canadian Confederation|confederation of Canada]] on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the "first independent country within the British Empire". She declared: "So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations."<ref>{{cite video| title=Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Dominion Day Message| publisher=CBC| url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/queen-elizabeths-1959-dominion-day-message| date=1 July 1959| location=Government House (Rideau Hall), Ottawa| people=Queen Elizabeth II| accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref> As long ago as 1884 [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]] had described, while visiting Australia, the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies became more independent, as a "Commonwealth of Nations".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122654/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/history/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 June 2010|title=History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |work=thecommonwealth.org|accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref> Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from [[First Colonial Conference|the first one in 1887]], leading to the creation of the [[Imperial Conference]]s in 1911.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mole|first=Stuart|title=Seminars for statesmen': the evolution of the Commonwealth summit|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|date=September 2004|volume=93|issue=376|pages=533–546 |doi= 10.1080/0035853042000289128 }}</ref>
The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. A specific proposal was presented by [[Jan Smuts]] in 1917 when he coined the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations" and envisioned the "future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence" at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]] by delegates from the Dominions as well as Britain.<ref>F.S. Crafford, ''Jan Smuts: A Biography'' (2005) p. 142</ref><ref>The Irish [[Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)|Oath of Allegiance]], agreed in 1921, included the [[Irish Free State]]'s "adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations".</ref> The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] of 1921, when the term ''British Commonwealth of Nations'' was substituted for ''British Empire'' in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State.<ref>{{cite book|title=Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921|last=Pakenham|first=Frank|authorlink=Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford|year=1972|publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson|isbn=978-0283979088}}</ref>
== Чланство ==
Линија 30 ⟶ 136:
== Принципи, вредности и циљеви ==
Принципи и вредности Комонвелта у које чланице верују су уобличени у [[Декларација у Харареу|Декларацији]] објављеној у Харареу, Зимбабве током састанка шефова влада чланица. Они су, како у Декларацији (члан 4.) стоји, следећи:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/history-items/documents/Singapore%20Declaration.pdf|date=22 January 1971|title=Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971|accessdate=15 November 2013|work=thecommonwealth.org|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]}}</ref><ref name="Singapore Declaration text">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35468/35776/lusaka.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930123038/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35468/35776/lusaka.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=30 September 2006|title=Lusaka Declaration on Racism and Racial Prejudice|accessdate=3 April 2008|date=7 August 1979|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] }}</ref>
* “ми верујемо да су међународни ред и мир, глобални економски напредак и владавина међународног права пресудни за безбедност и напредак човечанства;
Линија 54 ⟶ 160:
== Види још ==
* [[Крунске земље Комонвелта]]
== Референце ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Ashton, Sarah R. "British government perspectives on the Commonwealth, 1964–71: An asset or a liability?." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 35.1 (2007): 73–94.
* Bloomfield, Valerie. ''Commonwealth Elections 1945–1970'' (1976).
* Cook, Chris and John Paxton. ''Commonwealth Political Facts'' (Macmillan, 1978).
* {{cite book |last1=Jebb |first1=Richard |authorlink=Richard Claverhouse Jebb|title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=332–348 |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/Imperial Organization|Imperial Organization]]}}
* Lloyd, Lorna. ''Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006'' (Brill, 2007).
* McIntyre, W. David. ''The commonwealth of nations: Origins and impact, 1869–1971'' (U of Minnesota Press, 1977); Comprehensive coverage giving London's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession.
* McIntyre, W. David. ''A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth'', Palgrave, 2001. {{ISBN|0-333-96310-5}}.
* McIntyre, W. David. "The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences, 1933–59: Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 36.4 (2008): 591–614.
* Madden, Frederick and John Darwin, eds. ''The Dependent Empire, 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and the Mandates'' (1994) 908 pp [https://www.questia.com/library/91753673/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates online]
* Maitland, Donald. ed. ''Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe'' (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001) [http://vm3.ehaus2.co.uk/macmillan/resources/sample-chapters/9780333800133_sample.pdf online]
* [[Mansergh, Nicholas]] ''The Commonwealth in the World'', [[University of Toronto Press]], 1982. {{ISBN|0-8020-2492-0}}.
* Moore, R.J. ''Making the New Commonwealth'', Clarendon Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-19-820112-5}}.
* Murphy, Philip. ''Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth'' (Oxford UP 2013) DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214235.001.0001
* Perkin, Harold. "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth." ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 6.2 (1989): 145–155.
* Shaw, Timothy M. ''Commonwealth: Inter- and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance'', Routledge, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-415-35120-1}}
* Srinivasan, Krishnan. ''The rise, decline and future of the British Commonwealth.'' (Springer, 2005).
* Wheare, K. C. ''The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth'', Clarendon Press, 1960. {{ISBN|0-313-23624-0}}.
* Williams, Paul D. "Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth." ''The Round Table'' 94.380 (2005): 381–391.
* Winks, Robin, ed. ''The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources'' (1966) [https://www.questia.com/library/95979771/the-historiography-of-the-british-empire-commonwealth online]
* Madden, Frederick, ed. ''The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands'' (2000) [https://www.questia.com/library/120072134/the-end-of-empire-dependencies-since-1948-select online] 596pp
* Madden, Frederick, and John Darwin, ed. ''The Dependent Empire: 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandates'' (1963) 908pp [https://www.questia.com/read/91753692/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates online]
* Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. ''Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs, 1952–1962'' (1963) 804pp [https://www.questia.com/library/1817157/documents-and-speeches-on-commonwealth-affairs-1952-1962 online]
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
Линија 69 ⟶ 204:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130522030718/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7B7F83FE73-6E7D-45FB-BFBC-FA519E255E72%7D_Harare%20Declaration.pdf Harare Declaration] Декларација у Харареу, pdf документ
* [https://archive.is/20060214000302/www.direct.gov.uk/Gtgl1/GuideToGovernment/InternationalBodies/InternationalBodiesArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4003092&chk=JXlogH The Commonwealth] сајт британске владе, секција о Комонвелту
* [http://www.commonwealthofnations.org The Commonwealth of Nations Network]
* [http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com Commonwealth Foundation]
{{Комонвелт}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Међународне организације]]
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