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Ред 15:
Веће копнене површине [[Земља|Земље]] имају обале на јединственом, континуираном [[Светски океан|Светском океану]], који је подељен на неколико главних [[океан]]ских компонената континенатима и разним географским критеријумима.<ref>"[http://www.answers.com/Ocean#Encyclopedia Ocean]". ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'' (2006). New York: [[Columbia University Press]]. Приступљено 20 February 2007.</ref><ref name="UNAoO">"[http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.html Distribution of land and water on the planet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531103749/http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.html |date = 31. 05. 2008. }}." ''[http://www.oceansatlas.com/ UN Atlas of the Oceans] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915105349/http://www.oceansatlas.com/ |date = 15. 09. 2008. }}'' (2004). Приступљено 20 February 2007.</ref>
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=== Опсег ===
The most restricted meaning of ''continent'' is that of a continuous<ref>"continent n. 5. a." (1989) ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 2nd edition. [[Oxford University Press]] ; "continent<sup>1</sup> n." (2006) ''The [[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 11th edition revised. (Ed.) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press; "continent<sup>1</sup> n." (2005) ''The [[New Oxford American Dictionary]]'', 2nd edition. (Ed.) [[Erin McKean]]. Oxford University Press; "continent [2, n] 4 a" (1996) ''[[Webster's Dictionary#WebsThird New International|Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged]]''. [[ProQuest|ProQuest Information and Learning]] ; "continent" (2007) ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 14 January 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> area of land or mainland, with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent. In this sense the term ''[[continental Europe]]'' (sometimes referred to in Britain as "the Continent") is used to refer to mainland Europe, excluding [[island]]s such as [[Great Britain]], [[Ireland]], [[Malta]] and [[Iceland]], and the term ''continent of Australia'' may refer to the [[Australia (continent)|mainland of Australia]], excluding [[Tasmania]] and [[New Guinea]]. Similarly, the ''[[contiguous United States|continental United States]]'' refers to the 48 contiguous states and the [[District of Columbia]] in central North America and may include [[Alaska]] in the northwest of the continent (the two being separated by [[Canada]]), while excluding [[Hawaii]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Guam]] in the oceans.
From the perspective of [[geology]] or [[physical geography]], ''continent'' may be extended beyond the confines of continuous dry land to include the shallow, submerged adjacent area (the [[continental shelf]])<ref>"continent [2, n] 6" (1996) ''[[Webster's Dictionary#Webster's Third New International|Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged]]''. [[ProQuest|ProQuest Information and Learning]]. "a large segment of the earth's outer shell including a [[Terrestrial ecoregion|terrestrial]] continent and the adjacent continental shelf"</ref> and the [[island]]s on the shelf ([[Island#Continental islands|continental islands]]), as they are structurally part of the continent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Monkhouse |first=F. J. |author2=John Small |title=A Dictionary of the Natural Environment |year=1978 |publisher=Edward Arnold |location=London |id= |pages= 67–68 |quote=structurally it includes shallowly submerged adjacent areas (continental shelf) and neighbouring islands }}</ref>
From this perspective, the edge of the continental shelf is the true edge of the continent, as shorelines vary with changes in sea level.<ref name=Ollier>[[Cliff Ollier|Ollier, Cliff D.]] (1996). Planet Earth. In Ian Douglas (Ed.), ''Companion Encyclopedia of Geography: The Environment and Humankind''. London: Routledge, p. 30. "Ocean waters extend onto continental [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] at continental shelves, and the true edges of the continents are the steeper continental slopes. The actual shorelines are rather accidental, depending on the height of sea-level on the sloping shelves."</ref> In this sense the islands of Great Britain and Ireland are part of Europe, while Australia and the island of New Guinea together form a continent.
[[File:Island nations.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of [[island country|island countries]]: these states are often grouped geographically with a neighboring continental landmass.]]
As a [[social constructionism|cultural construct]], the concept of a continent may go beyond the continental shelf to include [[Island#Oceanic islands|oceanic islands]] and continental fragments. In this way, Iceland is considered part of Europe and [[Madagascar]] part of Africa. Extrapolating the concept to its extreme, some geographers group the [[Australian Plate|Australian continental plate]] with other islands in the Pacific into one continent called [[Oceania]]. This divides the entire land surface of Earth into continents or quasi-continents.<ref>{{harvp|Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents|1997 |page=40 |ps=: "The joining of Australia with various Pacific islands to form the quasi continent of Oceania ... "}}</ref>
=== Сепарација ===
{{Main|Boundaries between the continents of Earth}}
{{See also|List of transcontinental countries}}
The ideal criterion that each continent is a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions. Of the seven most globally recognized continents, only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by the ocean. Several continents are defined not as absolutely distinct bodies but as "''more or less'' discrete masses of land".{{sfnp|Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents|1997|p=35}} Asia and Africa are joined by the [[Isthmus of Suez]], and North and South America by the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. In both cases, there is no complete separation of these landmasses by water (disregarding the [[Suez Canal]] and [[Panama Canal]], which are both narrow and shallow, as well as being artificial). Both these [[isthmus]]es are very narrow compared to the bulk of the landmasses they unite.
North America and South America are treated as separate continents in the seven-continent model. However, they may also be viewed as a single continent known as America or the [[Americas]]. This viewpoint was common in the United States until World War II, and remains prevalent in some Asian six-continent models.<ref>{{harvp|Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents|1997 |loc=Chapter 1 |ps=: "While it might seem surprising to find North and South America still joined into a single continent in a book published in the United States in 1937, such a notion remained fairly common until World War II. [...] By the 1950s, however, virtually all American geographers had come to insist that the visually distinct landmasses of North and South America deserved separate designations."}}</ref> This remains the more common vision in Latin American countries, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy and Greece, where they are taught as a single continent.
The criterion of a discrete landmass is completely disregarded if the continuous landmass of Eurasia is classified as two separate continents: Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Europe and South Asia are peninsulas of the Eurasian landmass. However, Europe is widely considered a continent with its comparatively large land area of {{convert|10180000|sqkm}}, while South Asia, with less than half that area, is considered a subcontinent. The alternative view—in geology and geography—that Eurasia is a single continent results in a six-continent view of the world. Some view separation of Eurasia into Asia and Europe as a residue of [[Eurocentrism]]: "In physical, cultural and historical diversity, [[China]] and [[India]] are comparable to the entire European landmass, not to a single European country. [...]."{{sfnp|Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents|1997|p=? }} However, for historical and cultural reasons, the view of Europe as a separate continent continues in several categorizations.
If continents are defined strictly as discrete landmasses, embracing all the contiguous land of a body, then Africa, Asia, and Europe form a single continent which may be referred to as [[Afro-Eurasia]]. This produces a four-continent model consisting of Afro-Eurasia, America, Antarctica and Australia.
When sea levels were lower during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]]s, greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land, forming [[land bridge]]s. At those times [[Australia (continent)|Australia–New Guinea]] was a single, continuous continent. Likewise, the Americas and Afro-Eurasia were joined by the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]]. Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents. At that time there were just three discrete continents: Afro-Eurasia-America, Antarctica, and Australia-New Guinea.
=== Неки системи дефинисања континената ===
Линија 26 ⟶ 51:
:'''Пет континената:''' Африка, Европа, Азија, Америка, Океанија.
:'''Четири континента:''' Америка, Океанија, Антарктик, Еврафразија.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9" | Модели
|-
| style="background:#fff;font-size:85%;" colspan="9"|[[File:Continental models-Australia.gif|center|300px]]<center>Color-coded map showing the various continents. Similar shades exhibit areas that may be consolidated or subdivided.</center>
|-
|'''Four continents'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=continents|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA215|editor=R. W. McColl|year=2005|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=9780816072293|page=215|accessdate=2012-06-26|quote=And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia.}}</ref>
|colspan="3" |{{small|{{color strip|#fed52e|#f33e01|#c10000}}}} [[Afro-Eurasia]]
|colspan="2" |{{small|{{color strip|#0c0|green}}}} [[Americas|America]]
|{{small|{{color strip|#0040ff}}}} [[Antarctica]]
|{{small|{{color strip|#c04080}}}} [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]
|-
|'''Five continents'''
|{{small|{{color strip|#fed52e}}}} [[Africa]]
|colspan="2" |{{small|{{color strip|#f33e01|#c10000}}}} [[Eurasia]]
|colspan="2" |{{small|{{color strip|#0c0|green}}}} America
|{{small|{{color strip|#0040ff}}}} Antarctica
|{{small|{{color strip|#c04080}}}} Australia
|-
|'''Six continents'''<ref name="HEL"/>
|{{small|{{color strip|#fed52e}}}} [[Africa]]
|{{small|{{color strip|#f33e01}}}} [[Asia]]
|{{small|{{color strip|#c10000}}}} [[Europe]]
|colspan="2" |{{small|{{color strip|#0c0|green}}}} America
|{{small|{{color strip|#0040ff}}}} Antarctica
|{{small|{{color strip|#c04080}}}} Australia/[[Oceania]]
|-
|'''Six continents'''<br><ref name=Columbia>"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/continent.html Continent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/continent.html |date=2 February 2007 }}". ''[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ The Columbia Encyclopedia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020205073950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ |date=5 February 2002 }} ''. 2001. New York: Columbia University Press - Bartleby.</ref><ref name=EB />
|{{small|{{color strip|#fed52e}}}} Africa
|colspan="2" |{{small|{{color strip|#f33e01|#c10000}}}} Eurasia
|{{small|{{color strip|#0c0}}}} [[North America]]
|{{small|{{color strip|green}}}} [[South America]]
|{{small|{{color strip|#0040ff}}}} Antarctica
|{{small|{{color strip|#c04080}}}} Australia/Oceania
|-
|'''Seven continents'''<br><ref name=EB>"[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9361501 Continent]". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref><ref name=NatlGeo2>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=world&Mode=d&SubMode=w World], ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] - [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/ Xpeditions Atlas].'' 2006. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.</ref><ref name=AoCA>[http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/world/referencemap_image_view The World - Continents] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221064548/http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/world/referencemap_image_view |date=21 February 2006 }}, [http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/index.html ''Atlas of Canada'']</ref><ref name=Oxford1>''[[Oxford English Dictionary|The New Oxford Dictionary of English]].'' 2001. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=Encarta>"[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553387/Continent.html Continent]". ''[[Encarta|MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006]].''. [https://www.webcitation.org/5kwRKkaEZ?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553387/Continent.html Archived] 2009-10-31.</ref><ref name=Oxford2>"Continent". McArthur, Tom, ed. 1992. ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language''. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 260.</ref>
|{{small|{{color strip|#fed52e}}}} Africa
|{{small|{{color strip|#f33e01}}}} Asia
|{{small|{{color strip|#c10000}}}} Europe
|{{small|{{color strip|#0c0}}}} North America
|{{small|{{color strip|green}}}} South America
|{{small|{{color strip|#0040ff}}}} Antarctica
|{{small|{{color strip|#c04080}}}} Australia/Oceania
|}
* The seven-continent model is usually taught in [[China]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], parts of [[Western Europe]] and most [[list of countries by English-speaking population|English-speaking countries]], including [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/humanitiesandsocialsciences/geography/Curriculum/F-10#cdcode=ACHGK009&level=2 | title = F-10 Curriculum Geograph | publisher = Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140324191238/http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/humanitiesandsocialsciences/geography/Curriculum/F-10#cdcode=ACHGK009&level=2 | archivedate = 24 March 2014}}</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-geography-programmes-of-study/national-curriculum-in-england-geography-programmes-of-study | title = National curriculum in England: geography programmes of study | publisher = UK Department for Education}}</ref>
* The six-continent combined-Eurasia model is mostly used in [[Russia]], [[Eastern Europe]], and [[Japan]].
* The six-continent combined-America model is often used in [[France]] and its [[list of French possessions and colonies|former possessions]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]],<ref name=RAE>{{cite web|url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=norteamerica |title=Real Academia Española |publisher=Lema.rae.es |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref> [[Romania]], [[Latin America]],<ref name=RAE /> and [[Greece]].<ref name="HEL">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928055209/http://pi-schools.sch.gr/dimotiko/geografia_st/math/math_21_30.pdf] Older/previous official Greek Paedagogical Institute ''6th grade Geography textbook'' (at the [[Wayback Machine]]), 5+1 continents combined-America model; ''Pankosmios Enyklopaidikos Atlas'', CIL Hellas Publications, {{ISBN|84-407-0470-4}}, page 30, 5+1 combined-America continents model; ''Neos Eikonographemenos Geographikos Atlas'', Siola-Alexiou, 6 continents combined-America model; ''Lexico tes Hellenikes Glossas'', Papyros Publications, {{ISBN|978-960-6715-47-1}}, lemma ''continent'' (''epeiros''), 5 continents model; ''Lexico Triantaphyllide'' online dictionary, Greek Language Center (''Kentro Hellenikes Glossas''), lemma ''continent'' (''[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/search.html?lq=%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&dq= epeiros]''), 6 continents combined-America model; ''Lexico tes Neas Hellenikes Glossas'', [[Georgios Babiniotis|G.Babiniotes]], Kentro Lexikologias (Legicology Center) LTD Publications, {{ISBN|960-86190-1-7}}, lemma ''continent'' (''epeiros''), 6 continents combined-America model</ref>
**A five-continent model is obtained from this model by excluding Antarctica as uninhabited. This is used, for example in the [[United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref> and in the [[Olympic Charter]]<ref name="OC">{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf#page=11|title=Preamble|date=8 December 2014|work=Olympic Charter|publisher=International Olympic Committee|page=10|quote=the five interlaced rings, which represent the union of the five continents|accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> in its description of the [[Olympic flag]].
Термин ''[[Океанија]]'' refers to a group of [[island country|island countries]] and territories in the [[Pacific Ocean]], together with the [[Australia (continent)|continent of Australia]].<ref name="HEL"/><ref name="AoCA"/> [[Pacific islands]] with ties to other continents (such as [[Japan]], [[Hawaii]] or [[Easter Island]]) are usually grouped with those continents rather than Oceania. This term is used in several different continental models instead of [[Australia (continent)|Australia]].
== Геологија ==
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