Енглески језик — разлика између измена

Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
Autobot (разговор | доприноси)
м Разне исправке
Autobot (разговор | доприноси)
м Разне исправке
Ред 43:
Ови германски освајачи доминирали су над изворним келтско-говорећим становништвом, чији су језици преживели у [[Шкотска|Шкотској]], [[Велс]]у, [[Корневал]]у и [[Ирска|Ирској]]. Дијалекти употребљавани од стране освајача сачинили су акценат касније познат као [[англосаксонски језик|староенглески]], који подсећају на поједине приобалне дијалекте у данашњој Холандији и северозападној Немачкој. Касније, дијалекат је потпао под строги утицај северногерманског језика норс, употребљавним од стране [[Викинзи|Викинга]], који су махом населили североисточни део острва (видети [[Јорвик]]). Нови и стари насељеници причали су језицима са супротстављених грана Германске породице. Велики број речи делили су лексиколошке корене или су биле сличне, док им је граматика била удаљенија, укључујући префиксе, суфиксе и изговор значајног броја речи. Услед сличности и разноликости језика, неминовна је била [[креоли]]зација језика, која је уследила, изостављањем већег дела граматике староенглеског, укључујући родове и падеже, са изузетком заменица, чиме је језик постао знатно простији и једноставнији. Најпознатије дело из староенглеског периода је епска поема [[Беовулф]], од стране непознатог аутора.
 
У периоду од 300 година након Норманских освајања [[1066]]. године, нормански краљеви и племство говорили су варијантом [[француски језик|француског]]. Велики број Норманских речи асимилиран је у Стари енглески, резултујући дуплирањем староенглеских речи (пр. ''ox/beef'', ''sheep/mutton''). Нормански утицај ојачао је континуалну еволуцију језика током наредних векова, резултујући данас познатим [[Средњи енглески|Средњим Енглеским]]. Међу изменама било је ширење употребе уникатног аспекта Енглеске граматике, тј. 'континуалног' времена, додајући суфикс '-инг'. Током 15. ог века, Средњи енглески даље је промењен услед ''Велике самогласничке промене'', ширења стандардизованог Лондонског дијалекта у влади и администрацији, и стандардизовања штампања.<ref>{{cite web|title=''How English evolved into a global language''| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753| date = 20. 12. 2010| publisher = BBC| accessdate=09. 08. 2015}}</ref> [[Модерни енглески]] се може пратити назад до доба [[Вилијам Шекспир|Вилијама Шекспира]]. Најпознатије дело из доба Средње Енглеске су ''Приче из Кантерберија'' Џефрија Чосера.
 
== Класификација и сродни језици ==
Ред 151:
== Литература ==
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Eagleson| first = Robert D. | chapter = English in Australia and New Zealand |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | pages=415–438}}
<!-- Ethnologue -->
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size | title = Summary by language size | accessdate=10. 02. 2015 | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | ref = {{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}}}}
<!-- EuropeanCommission2012 -->
* {{cite report|last=Commission| first = European| title = Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages | year=2012| series = Eurobarometer Special Surveys | url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf | accessdate=12. 02. 2015 | laysummary = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_sum_en.pdf | laydate=27. 03. 2015 | ref = harv}}
<!--FasoldConnor-Linton2014 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-last=Fasold|editor-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Connor-Linton |editor2-first=Jeffrey | title = An Introduction to Language and Linguistics | edition = Second | year=2014| publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-316-06185-5 }}
<!-- Fischer-van der Wurff2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Fischer| first = Olga | last2=van der Wurff | first2 = Wim | chapter = Chapter 3: Syntax |editor-last=Denison|editor-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg|editor2-first=Richard M. | title = A History of the English language | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn = 978-0-521-71799-1 | pages=109–198}}
<!-- Giegerich1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = English Phonology: An Introduction | first = Heinz J. | last=Giegerich| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=1992| isbn = 978-0-521-33603-1 | series = Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics }}
<!-- Gneuss2013 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Gneuss| first = Helmut | chapter = Chapter 2: The Old English Language |editor-last=Godden|editor-first=Malcolm |editor2-last=Lapidge|editor2-first=Michael | year=2013| title = The Cambridge companion to Old English literature | edition = Second | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-15402-4 | pages=19–49}}
<!-- Görlach1991 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Görlach| first = Manfred | title = Introduction to Early Modern English | year=1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-32529-5 }}
<!-- Gordin2015 -->
* {{cite web|last=Gordin| first = Michael D. | title = Absolute English | url = http://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-did-science-come-to-speak-only-english/ | accessdate=16. 02. 2015 | work = [[Aeon (digital magazine)|Aeon]] |date=04. 02. 2015 | ref = harv}}
<!-- GordonCampbellHay et al.2004 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Gordon| first = Elizabeth | last2=Campbell| first2 = Lyle | last3=Hay| first3 = Jennifer | last4=Maclagan| first4 = Margaret | last5=Sudbury| first5 = Angela | last6=Trudgill| first6 = Peter | year=2004| title = New Zealand English: its origins and evolution| publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-10895-9 | series = Studies in English Language | ref = {{harvid|Gordon|Campbell|Hay et al.|2004}}}}
<!-- Gottlieb2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Gottlieb| first = H. | title = Linguistic Influence | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542044552 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=196–206}}
<!-- Graddol2006 -->
<!-- Graddol2010 -->
<!-- GraddolLeithSwann et al.2007 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Graddol|editor-first=David |editor2-last=Leith|editor2-first=Dick |editor3-last=Swann|editor3-first=Joan |editor4-last=Rhys|editor4-first=Martin |editor5-last=Gillen|editor5-first=Julia | title = Changing English | url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415376792/ | year=2007| publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-37679-2 | laysummary = | laydate = | ref = {{harvid|Graddol|Leith|Swann et al.|2007}}}}
<!--Green2002-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Green| first = Lisa J. | year=2002| title = African American English: a linguistic introduction | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}
<!-- Greenbaum -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Greenbaum| first = S. | last2=Nelson| first2 = G. | title = An introduction to English grammar | year=2002| edition = Second | publisher = Longman | isbn = 978-0-582-43741-8 }}
<!-- Halliday & Hasan 1976-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Halliday| first = M. A. K.| last2=Hasan| first2 = Ruqaiya| year=1976| title = Cohesion in English| publisher = Pearson Education ltd.}}
<!-- HancockAngogo1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Hancock| first = Ian F. | last2=Angogo| first2 = Rachel | chapter = English in East Africa |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | pages=415–438}}
<!-- Harbert2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Harbert| first = Wayne | title = The Germanic Languages | url = http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511755071 | year=2007| publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-01511-0 | series = Cambridge Language Surveys | doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511755071 | laysummary = {{JSTOR|40492966}} | laysource = Language (journal of the Linguistic Society of America) | laydate=26. 02. 2015 }}
<!-- Hickey 2007 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Hickey| first = R. | year=2007| title = Irish English: History and present-day forms | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}
<!-- Hickey 2005 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-last=Hickey|editor-first=R. | year=2005| title = Legacies of colonial English: Studies in transported dialects| publisher = Cambridge University Press}}
<!-- Hogg1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Hogg| first = Richard M. | chapter = Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-last=Hogg|editor-first=Richard M. | title = The Cambridge History of the English Language | volume = 1: The Beginnings to 1066 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=1992| isbn = 978-0-521-26474-7 | doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 | pages=67–168}}
<!-- Hogg2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Hogg| first = Richard M. | chapter = Chapter7: English in Britain |editor-last=Denison|editor-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg|editor2-first=Richard M. | title = A History of the English language | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn = 978-0-521-71799-1 | pages=360–61}}
<!--How English evolved into a global language-->
* {{cite web|title=How English evolved into a global language| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753 | date = 20. 12. 2010 | publisher = BBC | accessdate=09. 08. 2015 | ref = {{harvid|How English evolved into a global language|2010}}}}
<!-- HowManyWords2015 -->
* {{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | title = How many words are there in the English language? | work = Oxford Dictionaries Online | publisher = Oxford University Press | year=2015| url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords | accessdate=02. 04. 2015 | quote = How many words are there in the English language? There is no single sensible answer to this question. It's impossible to count the number of words in a language, because it's so hard to decide what actually counts as a word. | ref = {{harvid|HowManyWords|2015}}}}
<!-- HuddlestonPullum2002 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Huddleston| first = Rodney | last2=Pullum| first2 = Geoffrey K. | title = The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language | year=2002| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-43146-0 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/cambridge-grammar-english-language | laysummary = http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~culicove/Publications/CGEL_Review.pdf | laydate=10. 02. 2015 }}
<!-- Hughes & Trudgill 1996 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first=Arthur | last=Hughes| last2=Trudgill| first2 = Peter | year=1996| title = English Accents and Dialects | edition = 3rd | publisher = Arnold Publishers }}
<!-- International Civil Aviation Organization -->
* {{cite web|author=International Civil Aviation Organization | title = Personnel Licensing FAQ | url = http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/pages/peltrgfaq.aspx#anchor14 | accessdate = 16. 12. 2014 | publisher = International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau | year=2011|at=In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency? | quote = Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground. | ref = harv}}
<!-- International Maritime Organization -->
* {{cite web|last=Organization| first = International Maritime| title = IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases | year=2011| url = http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/StandardMarineCommunicationPhrases.aspx | accessdate = 16. 12. 2014 | ref = harv}}
<!-- International Phonetics Association 1999-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=International Phonetic Association | authorlink = International Phonetic Association | year=1999| title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn = 978-0-521-65236-0 }}
<!-- Jambor2007 -->
* {{cite journal|last=Jambor| first = Paul Z. | title = English Language Imperialism: Points of View | journal = Journal of English as an International Language | year=2007| volume = 2 | ref = harv | pages=103–123}}
<!-- Jespersen 2007 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Jespersen| first = Otto | title = The Philosophy of Grammar | chapter = Case: The number of English cases | publisher = Routledge | origyear=1924 | year=2007}}
<!-- Kachru2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Kachru| first = B. | title = English: World Englishes | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006453 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=195–202}}
<!-- Kastovsky2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Kastovsky| first = Dieter | chapter = Chapter 4: Vocabulary |editor-last=Denison|editor-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg|editor2-first=Richard M. | title = A History of the English language | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn = 978-0-521-71799-1 | pages=199–270}}
<!-- KönigvanderAuwera1994 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-last=König|editor-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan | title = The Germanic Languages | year=1994| publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-28079-2 | series = Routledge Language Family Descriptions | url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ | laysummary = {{JSTOR|4176538}} | laydate=26. 02. 2015 }} The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann, Ans van Kemenade, John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine.
<!-- König 1994 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=König| first = Ekkehard | chapter = 17. English |editor-last=König|editor-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan | title = The Germanic Languages | year=1994| publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-28079-2 | series = Routledge Language Family Descriptions | url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ | laysummary = {{JSTOR|4176538}} | laydate = 26 2. 2015 | pages=532–562}}
<!-- Labov 1972 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Labov| first = W. | year=1972| title = Sociolinguistic patterns | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | chapter = 13. The Social Stratification of (R) in New York City Department Stores }}
<!-- Labov 2012 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Labov| first = W. | year=2012| title = Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change| publisher = University of Virginia Press | chapter = 1. About Language and Language Change }}
<!-- LabovAshBoberg2006 named reference was ANAE -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Labov| first = William | authorlink = William Labov | last2=Ash| first2 = Sharon | last3=Boberg| first3 = Charles | year=2006| title = The Atlas of North American English | location = Berlin | publisher = de Gruyter | isbn = 978-3-11-016746-7 | url = http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/178229?rskey=eUyN34&result=2 | via = [[De Gruyter]] }}
<!-- Lanham 1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Lanham| first = L. W. | chapter = English in South Africa |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | pages=324–352}}
<!--Lass 1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Lass| first = Roger | chapter = 2. Phonology and Morphology |editor-last=Blake|editor-first=Norman | title = Cambridge History of the English Language | volume = II: 1066–1476 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=1992| pages=103–123}}
<!-- Lass2000 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Lass| first = Roger | chapter = Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-first=Roger |editor-last=Lass| title = The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year=2000| pages=56–186}}
<!-- Lass 2002-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv | last=Lass| first = Roger | chapter = South African English |editor-last=Mesthrie|editor-first=Rajend | year=2002| title = Language in South Africa | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-79105-2}}
<!-- Lass2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Lass| first = Roger | chapter = Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology |editor-last=Denison|editor-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg|editor2-first=Richard M. | title = A History of the English language | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn = 978-0-521-71799-1 | pages=46–47}}
<!-- Lawler2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Lawler| first = J. | title = Punctuation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542045739 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=290–291}}
<!-- Lawton 1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Lawton| first = David L. | chapter = English in the Caribbean |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | pages=251–280}}
<!-- Leech 2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Leech| first = G. N. | year=2006| title = A glossary of English grammar | publisher = Edinburgh University Press }}
<!-- LeechHundtMairSmith2009 -->
<!-- LevineCrocket1966 -->
* {{cite journal|last=Levine| first = L. | last2=Crockett| first2 = H. J. | year=1966| title = Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*| journal = Sociological Inquiry | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x| pages=204–226}}
<!-- Li2003 -->
* {{cite journal|last=Li| first = David C. S. | title = Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language? | journal = International Journal of the Sociology of Language | volume = 2003 | issue = 164 | year=2003| issn = 0165-2516 | url = http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijsl.2003.2003.issue-164/ijsl.2003.055/ijsl.2003.055.xml?format=INT | accessdate=27. 03. 2015 | doi = 10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 | via = [[De Gruyter]] | ref = harv | pages=33–63}}
<!-- LimAnsaldo2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Lim| first = L. | last2=Ansaldo| first2 = U. | title = Singapore: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542017016 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=387–389}}
<!-- Maclagan 2010 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Maclagan| first = Margaret | chapter = Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand |editor-last=Kirkpatrick|editor-first=Andy | year=2010| title = The Routledge handbook of world Englishes | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-203-84932-3 | laysummary = http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4525181 | laydate=29. 03. 2015 | pages=151–164}}
<!--MacMahon 2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=MacMahon| first = M. K. | year=2006| chapter = 16. English Phonetics | editor1 = Bas Aarts | editor2 = April McMahon | title = The Handbook of English Linguistics | location = Oxford | publisher = Blackwell | pages=359–382}}
<!-- Macquarie Dictionary2015 -->
* {{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | url = https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ | title = Macquarie Dictionary | website = Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online &#124; Macquarie Dictionary | year=2015| publisher = Macmillan Publishers Group Australia | accessdate=15. 02. 2015 | registration = yes | ref = {{harvid|Macquarie Dictionary|2015}}}}
<!-- Mair & Leech 2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Mair| first = C. | last2=Leech| first2 = G. | year=2006| chapter = 14 Current Changes in English Syntax | title = The handbook of English linguistics }}
<!-- Mair 2006-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Mair| first = Christian | year=2006| title = Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}
<!-- MazruiMazrui1998 was refMazrui1998 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Mazrui| first = Ali A. | last2=Mazrui| first2 = Alamin | title = The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience | year=1998| publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn = 978-0-226-51429-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC | laysummary = http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo3618917.html | laydate=15. 02. 2015 }}
<!-- McArthur1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-last=McArthur|editor-first=Tom | title = The Oxford Companion to the English Language | publisher = Oxford University Press | year=1992| isbn = 978-0-19-214183-5 | laysummary = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001/acref-9780192800619 | laydate=15. 02. 2015 }}
<!-- McCrumMacNeilCran2003 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=McCrum| first = Robert | last2=MacNeil| first2 = Robert | last3=Cran| first3 = William | title = The Story of English | location = London | year=2003| edition = Third Revised | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-14-200231-5 }}
<!-- McGuinness1997 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=McGuinness| first = Diane | title = Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading | authorlink = Diane McGuinness | year=1997| publisher = Simon and Schuster | isbn = 978-0-684-83161-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F-q02ZBKh3wC | laysummary = http://fee.org/freeman/detail/why-our-children-cant-read-and-what-we-can-do-about-it | laydate=03. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Meierkord2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Meierkord| first = C. | title = Lingua Francas as Second Languages | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006416 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=163–171}}
<!-- MerriamWebster2015 -->
* {{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | title = English | publisher = Merriam-webster.com | date=26. 02. 2015 | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/English | accessdate=26. 02. 2015 | ref = {{harvid|Merriam Webster|2015}}}}
<!-- Methrie2006 -->
* {{cite journal|last=Mesthrie| first = Rajend | title = New Englishes and the native speaker debate | journal = Language Sciences | year=2010| issn = 0388-0001 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0388000110000549 | accessdate=17. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 | ref = harv | volume = 32| pages=594–601}}
<!-- Miller 2002 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Miller| first = Jim | year=2002| title = An Introduction to English Syntax | publisher = Edinburgh University Press }}
<!-- Montgomery -->
* {{cite journal|last=Montgomery| first = M. | year=1993| title = The Southern Accent—Alive and Well | journal = Southern Cultures | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | ref = harv | pages=47–64}}
<!-- Mountford2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Mountford| first = J. | title = English Spelling: Rationale | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050185 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=156–159}}
<!-- Mufwene2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Mufwene| first = S. S. | title = Language Spread | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542012918 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=613–616}}
<!-- Nation2001 needs more verification -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Nation| first = I. S. P. | title = Learning Vocabulary in Another Language | authorlink = Paul Nation | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2001| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sKqx8k8gYTkC | isbn = 978-0-521-80498-1 | laysummary = http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001269892.pdf | laydate=04. 02. 2015 | pages=477}}
<!-- National Records of Scotland2013 official census data for Scotland -->
* {{cite web|author=National Records of Scotland | title = Census 2011: Release 2A | series = Scotland's Census 2011 | date=26. 09. 2013 | url = http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-release-2a | accessdate=25. 03. 2015 | ref = harv}}
<!-- Neijt2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Neijt| first = A. | title = Spelling Reform | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542045740 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=68–71}}
<!-- NevalainenTieken-Boon van Ostade2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Nevalainen| first = Terttu | last2=Tieken-Boon van Ostade | first2 = Ingrid | chapter = Chapter 5: Standardization |editor-last=Denison|editor-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg|editor2-first=Richard M. | title = A History of the English language | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn = 978-0-521-71799-1 }}
<!-- Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency2012 -->
* {{cite web|author=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency | title = Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012 | periodical = Statistics Bulletin | date = 11. 12. 2012 | url = http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf | accessdate = 16. 12. 2014 |at=Table KS207NI: Main Language | ref = harv}}
<!-- Northrup2013 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Northrup| first = David | title = How English Became the Global Language | year=2013| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 978-1-137-30306-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YPAlPeB6IvQC | laysummary = http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/how-english-became-the-global-language-david-northrup/?K=9781137303066 | laydate=25. 03. 2015 }}
<!-- O'Dwyer 2006-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first=Bernard | last=O'Dwyer | title = Modern English Structures, second edition: Form, Function, and Position | publisher = Broadview Press | year=2006}}
<!-- Office for National Statistics official census figures for England and Wales -->
* {{cite web|author=Office for National Statistics | title = Language in England and Wales, 2011 |date=04. 03. 2013 | periodical = 2011 Census Analysis | url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/language-in-england-and-wales-2011/rpt---language-in-england-and-wales--2011.html | accessdate = 16. 12. 2014 | ref = harv}}
<!-- OxfordLearner'sDictionary -->
* {{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | title = Oxford Learner's Dictionaries | url = http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ | accessdate=25. 02. 2015 | publisher = Oxford| ref = {{harvid|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015}}}}
<!-- Patrick2006aJamaica -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Patrick| first = P. L. | title = Jamaica: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542017600 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=88–90}}
<!-- Patrick2006bAAVE -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Patrick| first = P. L. | title = English, African-American Vernacular | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050926 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=159–163}}
<!-- Payne & Huddleston 2002 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Payne| last2=Huddleston| first = John | first2 = Rodney | chapter = 5. Nouns and noun phrases |editor-last=Huddleston|editor2-last=Pullum|editor-first=R. |editor2-first=G. K. | year=2002| title = The Cambridge Grammar of English | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages=323–522}}
<!-- Phillipson2004 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Phillipson| first = Robert | title = English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy | year=2004| publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-1-134-44349-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9HiCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 }}
<!-- Richter2012 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Richter| first = Ingo | chapter = Introduction |editor-last=Richter|editor-first=Dagmar |editor2-last=Richter|editor2-first=Ingo |editor3-last=Toivanen|editor3-first=Reeta |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Ulasiuk|editor4-first=Iryna | title = Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication | year=2012| publisher = BWV Verlag | isbn = 978-3-8305-2809-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9kBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 }}
<!-- Roach 1991-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Roach| first = Peter | year=1991| title = English Phonetics and Phonology | edition = 2nd | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}
<!-- Roach1999 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Roach| first = Peter | title = English Phonetics and Phonology | year=2009| publisher = Cambridge | edition = 4th }}
<!-- Robinson1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Robinson| first = Orrin | title = Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages | publisher = Stanford University Press | year=1992| isbn = 978-0-8047-2221-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xAeJoF55hhsC | laysummary = http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=3026 | laydate=05. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Romaine1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Romaine| first = Suzanne | chapter = English in Scotland |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | pages=56–83}}
<!-- Romaine1999 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Romaine| first = Suzanne | chapter = Chapter 1: Introduction | title = Cambridge History of the English Language | volume = IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine|editor-first=Suzanne | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=1999| isbn = 978-0-521-26477-8 | doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 | pages=1–56}}
<!-- Romaine2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Romaine| first = S. | title = Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006465 | accessdate = 6 2. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=584–596}}
<!-- Routes of English-->
* {{cite web|title=The Routes of English | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |date=01. 08. 2015 | ref = {{sfnref| ref = harvid|The Routes of English}}}}
<!-- Rowicka2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Rowicka| first = G. J. | title = Canada: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542018484 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=194–195}}
<!-- Rubino2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Rubino| first = C. | title = Philippines: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542017363 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=323–326}}
<!-- Ryan2013 an official report of the United States Census -->
<!-- Sailaja 2009 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Sailaja| first = Pingali | title = Indian English | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | year=2009| isbn = 978-0-7486-2595-6 | series = Dialects of English | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC | laysummary = https://global.oup.com/academic/product/indian-english-9780748625949?cc=us&lang=en& | laydate=05. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Schiffrin 1988 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Schiffrin| first = Deborah | year=1988| title = Discourse Markers | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-35718-0 | series = Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hs7J-WqPtPAC | laysummary = http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/discourse-markers | laydate=05. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Schneider2007 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Schneider| first = Edgar | title = Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2007| isbn = 978-0-521-53901-2 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=QIE6zGSd8okC | laysummary = http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/postcolonial-english-varieties-around-world | laydate=05. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Schonweitz2001-->
* {{cite journal|last=Schönweitz| first = Thomas | title = Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis | journal = American Speech | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | year=2001| ref = harv | doi = 10.1215/00031283-76-3-259| pages=259–285}}
<!-- Shaywitz2003 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Shaywitz| first = Sally E. | title = Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level | year=2003| publisher = A.A. Knopf | isbn = 978-0-375-40012-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXbZ1QInSF0C | laysummary = http://dyslexia.yale.edu/book_Overcoming.html | laydate=03. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Sheidlower2006 -->
* {{cite web|last=Sheidlower| first = Jesse | title = How many words are there in English? | date=10. 04. 2006 | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2139611/ | accessdate=02. 04. 2015 | quote = The problem with trying to number the words in any language is that it's very hard to agree on the basics. For example, what is a word? | ref = harv}}
<!-- Smith2009 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Smith| first = Jeremy J. | title = Old English: a linguistic introduction | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2009| isbn = 978-0-521-86677-4 }}
<!-- Statistics Canada2014 official census of Canada -->
* {{cite web|last=Canada| first = Statistics| title = Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories | date=22. 04. 2014 | url = http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Pages/highlight.cfm?TabID=1&Lang=E&Asc=0&PRCode=01&OrderBy=2&View=1&tableID=401&queryID=1&Age=1#TableSummary | accessdate=25. 03. 2015 | ref = harv}}
<!-- Statistics New Zealand2014 official census of New Zealand -->
<!-- Statistics South Africa2012 official census of South Africa -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| publisher = Statistics South Africa | title = Census 2011: Census in Brief | id = Report No. 03‑01‑41 | year=2012 | isbn = 978-0-621-41388-5 | url = http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf | archive-date = 13. 11. 2015 | chapter = Population by first language spoken and province | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113164744/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf | dead-url = no | chapter-url = http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf#page=28 | editor-first = Pali | editor-last=Lehohla | location = Pretoria | format = PDF | pages=23 | accessdate = 13. 03. 2017 | df = }}
<!-- SvartikLeech2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Svartvik| first = Jan | last2=Leech| first2 = Geoffrey | title = English – One Tongue, Many Voices | year=2006| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 978-1-4039-1830-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UqZsQgAACAAJ | laysummary = http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=116884 | laydate=16. 03. 2015 }}
<!-- Swan2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Swan| first = M. | title = English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900) | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050586 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=149–156}}
<!-- Sweet1892 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Sweet| first = Henry | title = A New English Grammar | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=2014| origyear=1892 }}
<!-- Thomas 2008-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Thomas| first = Erik R. | year=2008| chapter = Rural Southern white accents | title = Varieties of English | volume = 2: The Americas and the Caribbean | editor = Edgar W. Schneider | publisher = de Gruyter | url = http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110208405/9783110208405.1.87/9783110208405.1.87.xml | via = [[De Gruyter]] | pages=87–114}}
<!-- ThomasonKaufman1988 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Thomason| first = Sarah G. | authorlink = Sarah Thomason | last2=Kaufman| first2 = Terrence | authorlink2 = Terrence Kaufman | title = Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics | publisher = University of California Press | year=1988| isbn = 978-0-520-91279-3 }}
<!-- Todd1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Todd| first = Loreto | chapter = The English language in West Africa |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | pages=281–305}}
<!-- Toon1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Toon| first = Thomas E. | chapter = Variation in Contemporary American English |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language | year=1982| publisher = University of Michigan Press | isbn = 978-3-12-533872-2 | pages=210–250}}
<!-- Toon1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Toon| first = Thomas E. | chapter = Old English Dialects |editor-last=Hogg|editor-first=Richard M. | title = The Cambridge History of the English Language | volume = 1: The Beginnings to 1066 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year=1992| isbn = 978-0-521-26474-7 | pages=409–451}}
<!-- TraskTrask2010 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Trask| first = Larry | last2=Trask| first2 = Robert Lawrence | title = Why Do Languages Change? | year=2010| publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-83802-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9qoZzBgCmFMC | laysummary = | laydate = }}
<!-- Trudgill 1999 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Trudgill| first = Peter | year=2000| title = The Dialects of England | edition = 2nd | publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-631-21815-9 | laysummary = http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0631218157.html | laydate=27. 04. 2015 }}
<!-- Trudgill2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Trudgill| first = P. | title = Accent | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542015066 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=14}}
<!-- Trudgill & Hannah 2002 replace with 2008 5th edition -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Trudgill| first = Peter | first2 = Jean | last2=Hannah| year=2002| title = International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English | edition = 4th | location = London | publisher = Hodder Education | isbn = 978-0-340-80834-4 }}
<!-- Trudgill & Hannah 2008 -->
<!-- United Nations2008 -->
* {{cite web|last=Nations| first = United| title = Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations | year=2008| url = http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/visitors/shared/documents/pdfs/Pub_United%20Nations_Everything%20U%20Always%20wanted%20to%20know.pdf | accessdate=04. 04. 2015 | quote = The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French. | ref = harv}}
<!-- Wardhaugh2010 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Wardhaugh| first = Ronald | title = An Introduction to Sociolinguistics | edition = Sixth | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year=2010| isbn = 978-1-4051-8668-1 | series = Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 }}
<!-- Watts2011 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Watts| first = Richard J. | title = Language Myths and the History of English | year=2011| publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-532760-1 | url = http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001/acprof-9780195327601 | doi = 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 | laysummary = http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4544145 | laydate=10. 03. 2015 }}
<!--Wells 1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Wells| first = J.C.| year=1982| title = Accents of English, I, II, III| publisher = Cambridge University Press}}
<!-- Wojcik2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wojcik| first = R. H. | title = Controlled Languages | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050811 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | pages=139–142}}
<!-- Wolfram2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wolfram| first = W. | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith | year=2006| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-08-044299-0 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542042565 | accessdate=06. 02. 2015 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 | laysummary = http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 | laydate=06. 02. 2015 | ref = harv | chapter = Variation and Language: Overview | title = Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics | pages=333–341}}
{{refend}}