Енглески језик — разлика између измена
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Ред 43:
Ови германски освајачи доминирали су над изворним келтско-говорећим становништвом, чији су језици преживели у [[Шкотска|Шкотској]], [[Велс]]у, [[Корневал]]у и [[Ирска|Ирској]]. Дијалекти употребљавани од стране освајача сачинили су акценат касније познат као [[англосаксонски језик|староенглески]], који подсећају на поједине приобалне дијалекте у данашњој Холандији и северозападној Немачкој. Касније, дијалекат је потпао под строги утицај северногерманског језика норс, употребљавним од стране [[Викинзи|Викинга]], који су махом населили североисточни део острва (видети [[Јорвик]]). Нови и стари насељеници причали су језицима са супротстављених грана Германске породице. Велики број речи делили су лексиколошке корене или су биле сличне, док им је граматика била удаљенија, укључујући префиксе, суфиксе и изговор значајног броја речи. Услед сличности и разноликости језика, неминовна је била [[креоли]]зација језика, која је уследила, изостављањем већег дела граматике староенглеског, укључујући родове и падеже, са изузетком заменица, чиме је језик постао знатно простији и једноставнији. Најпознатије дело из староенглеског периода је епска поема [[Беовулф]], од стране непознатог аутора.
У периоду од 300 година након Норманских освајања [[1066]]. године, нормански краљеви и племство говорили су варијантом [[француски језик|француског]]. Велики број Норманских речи асимилиран је у Стари енглески, резултујући дуплирањем староенглеских речи (пр. ''ox/beef'', ''sheep/mutton''). Нормански утицај ојачао је континуалну еволуцију језика током наредних векова, резултујући данас познатим [[Средњи енглески|Средњим Енглеским]]. Међу изменама било је ширење употребе уникатног аспекта Енглеске граматике, тј. 'континуалног' времена, додајући суфикс '-инг'. Током 15. ог века, Средњи енглески даље је промењен услед ''Велике самогласничке промене'', ширења стандардизованог Лондонског дијалекта у влади и администрацији, и стандардизовања штампања.<ref>{{cite web|title=''How English evolved into a global language''| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753|
== Класификација и сродни језици ==
Ред 151:
== Литература ==
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<!-- Northrup2013 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Northrup| first = David | title = How English Became the Global Language |
<!-- O'Dwyer 2006-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first=Bernard | last=O'Dwyer | title = Modern English Structures, second edition: Form, Function, and Position | publisher = Broadview Press |
<!-- Office for National Statistics official census figures for England and Wales -->
* {{cite web|author=Office for National Statistics | title = Language in England and Wales, 2011 |date=04. 03. 2013 | periodical = 2011 Census Analysis | url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/language-in-england-and-wales-2011/rpt---language-in-england-and-wales--2011.html | accessdate
<!-- OxfordLearner'sDictionary -->
* {{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | title = Oxford Learner's Dictionaries | url = http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ | accessdate=25. 02. 2015 | publisher = Oxford| ref = {{harvid|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015}}}}
<!-- Patrick2006aJamaica -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Patrick| first = P. L. | title = Jamaica: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Patrick2006bAAVE -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Patrick| first = P. L. | title = English, African-American Vernacular | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Payne & Huddleston 2002 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Payne| last2=Huddleston| first = John | first2 = Rodney | chapter = 5. Nouns and noun phrases |editor-last=Huddleston|editor2-last=Pullum|editor-first=R. |editor2-first=G. K. |
<!-- Phillipson2004 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Phillipson| first = Robert | title = English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy |
<!-- Richter2012 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Richter| first = Ingo | chapter = Introduction |editor-last=Richter|editor-first=Dagmar |editor2-last=Richter|editor2-first=Ingo |editor3-last=Toivanen|editor3-first=Reeta |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Ulasiuk|editor4-first=Iryna | title = Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication |
<!-- Roach 1991-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Roach| first = Peter |
<!-- Roach1999 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Roach| first = Peter | title = English Phonetics and Phonology |
<!-- Robinson1992 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Robinson| first = Orrin | title = Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages | publisher = Stanford University Press |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Romaine| first = Suzanne | chapter = English in Scotland |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language |
<!-- Romaine1999 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Romaine| first = Suzanne | chapter = Chapter 1: Introduction | title = Cambridge History of the English Language | volume = IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine|editor-first=Suzanne | publisher = Cambridge University Press |
<!-- Romaine2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Romaine| first = S. | title = Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Routes of English-->
* {{cite web|title=The Routes of English | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |date=01. 08. 2015 | ref = {{sfnref| ref = harvid|The Routes of English}}}}
<!-- Rowicka2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Rowicka| first = G. J. | title = Canada: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Rubino2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Rubino| first = C. | title = Philippines: Language Situation | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
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<!-- Sailaja 2009 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Sailaja| first = Pingali | title = Indian English | publisher = Edinburgh University Press |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Schiffrin| first = Deborah |
<!-- Schneider2007 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Schneider| first = Edgar | title = Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World | publisher = Cambridge University Press |
<!-- Schonweitz2001-->
* {{cite journal|last=Schönweitz| first = Thomas | title = Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis | journal = American Speech | volume = 76 | issue = 3 |
<!-- Shaywitz2003 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Shaywitz| first = Sally E. | title = Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level |
<!-- Sheidlower2006 -->
* {{cite web|last=Sheidlower| first = Jesse | title = How many words are there in English? |
<!-- Smith2009 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Smith| first = Jeremy J. | title = Old English: a linguistic introduction | publisher = Cambridge University Press |
<!-- Statistics Canada2014 official census of Canada -->
* {{cite web|last=Canada| first = Statistics| title = Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |
<!-- Statistics New Zealand2014 official census of New Zealand -->
<!-- Statistics South Africa2012 official census of South Africa -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| publisher = Statistics South Africa | title = Census 2011: Census in Brief | id = Report No. 03‑01‑41 |
<!-- SvartikLeech2006 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Svartvik| first = Jan | last2=Leech| first2 = Geoffrey | title = English – One Tongue, Many Voices |
<!-- Swan2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Swan| first = M. | title = English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900) | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Sweet1892 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Sweet| first = Henry | title = A New English Grammar | publisher = Cambridge University Press |
<!-- Thomas 2008-->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Thomas| first = Erik R. |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Thomason| first = Sarah G. |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Todd| first = Loreto | chapter = The English language in West Africa |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Toon| first = Thomas E. | chapter = Variation in Contemporary American English |editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach|editor2-first=Manfred | title = English as a World Language |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Toon| first = Thomas E. | chapter = Old English Dialects |editor-last=Hogg|editor-first=Richard M. | title = The Cambridge History of the English Language | volume = 1: The Beginnings to 1066 | publisher = Cambridge University Press |
<!-- TraskTrask2010 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Trask| first = Larry | last2=Trask| first2 = Robert Lawrence | title = Why Do Languages Change? |
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Trudgill| first = Peter |
<!-- Trudgill2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Trudgill| first = P. | title = Accent | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Trudgill & Hannah 2002 replace with 2008 5th edition -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Trudgill| first = Peter | first2 = Jean | last2=Hannah|
<!-- Trudgill & Hannah 2008 -->
<!-- United Nations2008 -->
* {{cite web|last=Nations| first = United| title = Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations |
<!-- Wardhaugh2010 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Wardhaugh| first = Ronald | title = An Introduction to Sociolinguistics | edition = Sixth | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |
<!-- Watts2011 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Watts| first = Richard J. | title = Language Myths and the History of English |
<!--Wells 1982 -->
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Wells| first = J.C.|
<!-- Wojcik2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wojcik| first = R. H. | title = Controlled Languages | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
<!-- Wolfram2006 -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wolfram| first = W. | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith |
{{refend}}
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