Филозофија — разлика између измена

'''Филозофија''' је наука која се бави општим и темељним проблемима у вези са [[стварност|стварношћу]], [[Онтологија|постојањем]], [[Епистемологија|знањем]], [[Аксиологија|вредностима]], [[Логика|разумом]], [[филозофија духа|умом]] и [[филозофија језика|језиком]].{{sfn|Teichman|Evans|1999|p=1}}<ref name="philosophical">{{Cite book|editor=A.C. Grayling | author = A.C. Grayling | chapter = Editor's Introduction | title = Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject| publisher = Oxford University Press | volume = vol. 1 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DyIiAQAAIAAJ | year=1999|isbn=978-0198752431| quote = The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value. Other human endeavors explore aspects of these same questions, not least art and literature, but it is philosophy that mounts a direct assault upon them...| pages=1-}}</ref> [[Милан Вујаклија#Лексикон страних речи и израза|Лексикон страних речи и израза]] дефинише филозофију као „мудрост, научни рад на изграђивању општег погледа на свет и сам тај поглед на свет“.<ref name=autogenerated1>[[Милан Вујаклија]]; Лексикон страних речи и израза (издање из 1980); pp. 987.</ref>

Реч ''филозофија'' долази из [[старогрчки језик|старогрчког]] φιλοσοφία {{јез-лат|philosophia}} што у буквалном преводу значи ''љубав према мудрости''.<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=philosophy&searchmode=none | title = Online Etymology Dictionary | publisher = Etymonline.com |date=| accessdate=22. 08. 2010}}</ref><ref name="Webster's New World Dictionary">The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe".{{Cite book|title=Webster's New World Dictionary | edition = Second College}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 /> [[Питагора|Питагори]] се приписују речи ''филозоф'' и ''филозофија''. Реч је уведена као супротност [[Софиста|софистима]] — мудрацима важним у [[Античка Грчка|античкој Грчкој]] који су продавали своје знање као учитељи — док се филозофи, као ''људи који воле мудрост'', нису бавили мудрошћу због новца.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism| year=2011| publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983680-2|editor-last=Greco|editor-first=John| edition = 1st| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=Ozv0lftrUeEC}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Thinking Things Through: An Introduction to Philosophical Issues and Achievements| last=Glymour| first = Clark| year=2015| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=G4lLCAAAQBAJ}}| publisher = A Bradford Book|isbn=978-0-262-52720-0| edition = 2nd| chapter = Chapters 1–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepcont/| title = Contemporary Skepticism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy| website = www.iep.utm.edu| accessdate=25. 04. 2016}}</ref>

Историјски, филозофија је обухватала све облике знања.<ref name="auto23">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=philosophy| title = Philosophy |date=| website= www.etymonline.com | publisher = Online Etymological Dictionary | accessdate=19. 03. 2016 | quote = The English word "philosophy" is first attested to c. 1300, meaning "knowledge, body of knowledge."| author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref> Од времена античког грчког филозофа [[Аристотел]]а до 19. века, „[[природна филозофија]]“ је обухватала [[астрономија|астрономију]], [[медицина|медицину]] и [[физика|физику]].{{sfn|Lindberg|2007|p=3}} На пример, [[Исак Њутн|Њутнова]] књига из 1687. године се звала ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Математички принципи природне филозофије]]'', а касније је класификована као књига физике. У 19. веку је развој модерних [[Универзитет|истраживачких универзитета]] довео до професионализације и специјализације академске филозофије и других дисциплина.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Scientific Revolution| last=Shapin| first = Steven| year=1998| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=6BIr19MTXAMC}}| publisher = University Of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-75021-7| edition = 1st}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/11/when-philosophy-lost-its-way/?_r=0| title = When Philosophy Lost Its Way| last=Briggle| first = Robert Frodeman and Adam| website = Opinionator| accessdate=25. 04. 2016}}</ref> У модерно доба, нека истраживања која су традиционално била део филозофије су постала засебне академске дисциплине, укључујући [[психологија|психологију]], [[социологија|социологију]], [[лингвистика|лингвистику]] и [[економија|економију]].

Филозофија изучава више поља као што су [[епистемологија]], [[логика]], [[метафизика]], [[етика]] и [[естетика]].<ref name="nyu">{{cite web|url=http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/page/undergrad | title = Undergraduate Program &#124; Department of Philosophy &#124; NYU | publisher = Philosophy.fas.nyu.edu |date=| accessdate=17. 08. 2012}}</ref><ref name="Aesthetics- definition">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aesthetics| title = Aesthetics- definition| publisher = Merriam-Webster Dictionary| accessdate=14. 12. 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary">{{Cite book|last=G & C. Merriam Co. | title = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | edition = 1913 | editor = Noah Porter | publisher = G & C. Merriam Co. | year=1913| quote = E*pis`te*mol"o*gy (?), n. Gr. knowledge + -logy. The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge. | accessdate=13. 05. 2012 | url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165808/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-date=15. 10. 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = | pages=501-}}</ref>

Епистемологија или теорија сазнања је грана филозофије која се бави природом и обимом знања,<ref name="Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary"/> попут односа између [[Истина|истине]], [[уверење|веровања]] и [[Теорија оправдања|теорије оправдања]].<ref name="WebsterRUD">{{Cite book|last=G & C. Merriam Co. | title = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | edition = 1913 | editor = Noah Porter | publisher = G & C. Merriam Co. | year=1913| url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | accessdate=13. 05. 2012 | quote = E*pis`te*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. knowledge + -logy.] The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165808/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-date=15. 10. 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = | pages=501}}</ref>

Логика је [[наука]] o формалним [[услов]]има, [[принцип]]има и правилима исправног, коректног мишљења. Представља вештину и методу правилног [[мисао|мишљења]]. Она је „логија“ или метода сваке [[наука|науке]], сваког учења и сваке [[уметност]]и. Дефинише се као наука зато што се процес правилног мишљења може, као код [[физика|физике]] и [[математика|математике]], свести на законе, а вештина је зато што вежбањем човек стиче сигурност у своје мишљење.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carnap| first = Rudolf| year=1953| title = "Inductive Logic and Science".| jstor = 20023651| journal = Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences| volume = 80| issue = 3| doi = 10.2307/20023651| pmid = | pages=189–97}}</ref>

Естетика је грана филозофије која се бави посебним обликом људског стваралаштва, [[уметност|уметношћу]].<ref>Kelly (1998) p. ix}-</ref><ref>[http://www.arlisna.org/artdoc/vol18/iss2/01.pdf Review] by Tom Riedel (Regis University)</ref><ref>-{Zangwill, Nick. "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/ Aesthetic Judgment]", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', 02-28-2003/10-22-2007. Приступљено 24 July 2008.</ref> Естетика испитује ''лепо'' и ''вредно'' у уметности, суштину уметничког стварања и доживљаја уметничког дела.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aesthetic| title = Merriam-Webster.com| accessdate=21. 08. 2012}}</ref> Потиче од грчке речи -{αισθητική}-, што значи „онај који примјећује“ или „осетљив“. За [[Имануел Кант|Имануела Канта]], естетика је „наука која посматра услове осећајне перцепције“.

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=G & C. Merriam Co. | title = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | edition = 1913 | editor = Noah Porter | publisher = G & C. Merriam Co. | year=1913| quote = E*pis`te*mol"o*gy (?), n. Gr. knowledge + -logy. The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge. | accessdate=13. 05. 2012 | url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165808/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-date=15. 10. 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = | pages=501-}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor = A.C. Grayling | author = A.C. Grayling | chapter = Editor's Introduction | title = Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject| publisher = Oxford University Press | volume = vol. 1 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DyIiAQAAIAAJ | year=1999|isbn=978-0198752431| quote = The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value. Other human endeavors explore aspects of these same questions, not least art and literature, but it is philosophy that mounts a direct assault upon them...| pages=1-}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor = A.C. Grayling | author = A.C. Grayling | chapter = Editor's Introduction | title = Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject| publisher = Oxford University Press | volume = vol. 1 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DyIiAQAAIAAJ | year=1999|isbn=978-0198752431| quote = The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value. Other human endeavors explore aspects of these same questions, not least art and literature, but it is philosophy that mounts a direct assault upon them...| pages=1-}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=G & C. Merriam Co. | title = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | edition = 1913 | editor = Noah Porter | publisher = G & C. Merriam Co. | year=1913| url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | accessdate=13. 05. 2012 | quote = E*pis`te*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. knowledge + -logy.] The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165808/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-date=15. 10. 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = | pages=501}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = Webster's New World Dictionary | edition = Second College}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Teichman| first = Jenny| last2=Evans| first2 = Katherine C.| title = Philosophy: A Beginners Guide| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Zk5cRt_cJi0C| year=1999| publisher = Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-21321-5}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=G & C. Merriam Co. | title = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | edition = 1913 | editor = Noah Porter | publisher = G & C. Merriam Co. | year=1913| url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | accessdate=13. 05. 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015165808/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | archive-date=15. 10. 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = }}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor1 = Bullock, Alan| editor2 = R. B. Woodings| editor3 = John Cumming| title = The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers| year=1992| url = | publisher = Fontana Press| location = Hammersmith, Eng.|isbn=978-0-00-636965-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Bullock| first = Alan| last2=Stallybrass| first2 = Oliver| title = The Harper dictionary of modern thought| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=NJAYAAAAIAAJ| year=1977| publisher = Harper & Row}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Julia| first = Didier| title = Dictionnaire de la philosophie| location = Responsable éditorial, Emmanuel de Waresquiel; secretariat de rédaction, Joelle Narjollet. [Éd. rev.]. Paris| publisher = Larousse. 301, [1] p. + xvi p. of ill|year=2006|isbn=978-2-03-583309-9}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Reese| first = W. L.| title = Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought| location = Atlantic Highlands, N.J.| publisher = Humanities Press| year=1980|isbn=978-0-391-00688-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Edwards| title = The Encyclopedia of Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=uqaajgEACAAJ}}| year=1967| publisher = Macmillan & Free Press}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Kant| first = Immanuel| title = Critique of Pure Reason| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=cn9JAAAAYAAJ}}| year=1881| publisher = Macmillan}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Bowker| first = John| title = The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=5fSQQgAACAAJ}}| year=1999| publisher = Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-19-866242-6}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Baldwin| title = The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=I09hCIlhPpkC}}| year=2003| publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59104-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first=Brian P. | last=Copenhaver| first2 = Charles B. | last2=Schmitt| title = Renaissance philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=CgsFAQAAIAAJ}}| year=1992| publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-219203-5}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Nadler| first = Steven|| title = A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=KENbzY8uDGkC}}| year=2008| publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99883-0}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Rutherford| first = Donald| title = The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=lH8FAQAAIAAJ}}| year=2006| publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-82242-8}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-first=C. B. |editor-last=Schmitt|editor-first2=Quentin |editor-last2=Skinner| title = The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=jJnyxg3xxTEC}}| year=1988| publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39748-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = A New History of Western Philosophy|isbn=978-0-19-958988-3| last=Kenny| first = Anthony| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=rco-uQAACAAJ}}| year=2012| publisher = Oxford University Press}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-first= T. |editor-last=Honderich| title = The Oxford Companion to Philosophy | publisher = Oxford University Press | year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-866132-0| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=sI4YAAAAIAAJ}}}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor-first=Nicholas |editor-last=Bunnin|editor-first2=Eric |editor-last2=Tsui-James| title = The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=HNWIcgEswrsC| pages=620}}| year=2008| publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99787-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first=Frederick Charles | last=Copleston|| title = A history of philosophy: volume III: Ockham to Suárez| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=QZ1WkHs5wHcC}}| year=1953| publisher = Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-0067-5}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Leaman| first = Oliver| first2 = Parviz | last2=Morewedge| chapter = Islamic philosophy modern|editor-first= Edward |editor-last=Craig| publisher = Psychology Press | year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-22364-5| title = Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=-MWK96fFN4UC}}}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Buccellati| first = Giorgio|date=01. 01. 1981| title = Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/602163| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume = 101| issue = 1| doi = 10.2307/602163| ref = harv | pages=35–47}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| author = Sober, Elliott. | title = Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings| location = | publisher = Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall| year=2001|isbn=978-0-13-189869-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Leaman| first = Oliver| title = A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy|isbn=978-0-7456-1960-6}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Corbin| first = Henry| title = History Of Islamic Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=UNfgAwAAQBAJ}}| year=2014| publisher = Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-19888-6|translator1-first= Liadain |translator1-last=Sherrard|translator2-first=Philip |translator2-last=Sherrard||orig-year=1993}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first = Mehdi Amin Razavi | last=Aminrazavi| first2 = Seyyed Hossein | last2=Nasr| first3 = Seyyed Hossein | last3=Nasr, PH.D.| title = The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=WNVcAgAAQBAJ}}| year=2013| publisher = Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78105-6}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Oizerman| first = Teodor| others = translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon| title = The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy| url = http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf| format = DjVu, etc.| accessdate=20. 01. 2011| edition = 2nd| year=1988| publisher = Progress Publishers| location = [[Moskva]]| language = |isbn=978-5-01-000506-1| postscript = First published in Russian as «Главные философские направления»| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000629/http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf| archive-date=06. 03. 2012| dead-url = yes| df = }}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Durant| first = Will| title = Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers| location = | publisher = Pocket| year=1991|isbn=978-0-671-73916-4}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Oizerman| first = Teodor| others = translated from Russian by Robert Daglish| title = Problems of the History of Philosophy| url = http://leninist.biz/en/1973/PHP462/index.html| accessdate=20. 01. 2011| edition = 1st| year=1973| publisher = Progress Publishers| location = Moscow| postscript = First published in Russian as «Проблемы историко-философской науки»| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706145426/http://leninist.biz/en/1973/PHP462/index.html| archive-date=06. 07. 2011| dead-url = yes| df = }}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first = Edmund | last=Husserl| first2 = Donn | last2=Welton| title = The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=hC2Ac8VGLacC}}| year=1999| publisher = Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21273-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Curley| first = Edwin| title = A Spinoza Reader| location = | publisher = Princeton| year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-00067-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy| last=Chan| first = Wing-tsit| publisher = Princeton University Press| year=1963|isbn=978-0-691-01964-2| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=dzmMaVTvUzAC}}}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods| last=Huang| first = Siu-chi| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-26449-8| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=sjzPPg8eK7sC}}}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-first= T. |editor-last=Honderich| title = The Oxford Companion to Philosophy | publisher = Oxford University Press | year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-866132-0| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=sI4YAAAAIAAJ}}}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Edwards|| title = The Encyclopedia of Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=uqaajgEACAAJ}}| year=1967| publisher = Macmillan & Free Press}}; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.

* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-first=Nicholas |editor-last=Bunnin|editor-first2=Eric |editor-last2=Tsui-James| title = The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=HNWIcgEswrsC}}| year=2008| publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99787-1}}