Moljci — разлика између измена

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{{Početnik|26|12|2018}}
{{Automatic Taxobox-lat
| name = Moljci
Линија 6 ⟶ 5:
| taxon = Heterocera
}}
'''Moljci''' pripadaju drugoj najvećoj porodici [[insekat]]a. Zajedno sa [[Butterfly|leptirima]], svrstavajupripadaju [[Order (biology)|redu]] -{''[[Lepidoptera]]''}-. Većina lepidopterana su moljci, i smatra se uda redpostoji Lepidopteraoko 160.000 [[Врста (биологија)vrsta]] moljaca,<ref>{{cite web | title=Moths | work=Smithsonian Institution | url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm | accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref> mnogi od kojih još nisu opisani. Većina vrsta moljaca je [[Noćne životinje|noktura]], ali isto tako postoje [[Crepuscular animal|večernje]] i [[Diurnal animal|dnevne]] vrste. Po svojoj veličini mogu da variraju od vrlo sitnih do krupnih. Imaju dva para krila koja su ljuspasta. Mogu nežno da lepršaju krilima, ali i da vertikalno uzleću i da lete unazad. Neki prelete neverovatne razdaljine. Mnoge vrste imaju svetlo obojene ljuspice na krilima. Šare im služe da privuku partnera.
 
Mogu imati končaste ili peraste antene. Pomoću njih osete druge moljce na velikim razdaljinama. Na glavi se nalazi par složenih očiju koje su krupne. Imaju usni aparat za sisanje. Sagrađen je u obliku surlice. Neki vrste imaju toliko dugu surlicu da njom lako dopru duboko u unutrašnjost velikih cevastih cvetova. Postoje i vrste koje pri samom vrhu sisaljki imaju nanizane zubiće kao testere, kojima mogu da presecaju koru voća kako bi se napili soka.
Линија 12 ⟶ 11:
Ovi insekti su stručnjaci za skrivanje. Njihova krila su često obojena i pružaju im dobru kamuflažu. Vrste sa pegavim smeđim krilima mogu bezbedno da stoje na stablu drveta. Mnogi imaju dve velike tufne na krilima koje liče na dva budna oka na zastrašujućem licu.
 
== Economija ==
Svake godine otkrije se veliki broj novih vrsta.
[[Датотека:Moth kerala.jpg|thumb|лево|Moljac iz Kerale, Indija]]
[[Датотека:Moth September 2008-3.jpg|thumb|200px|Odrasli mužjak moljca koji se hrani [[Бор (биљка)|borom]] (-{''[[Thaumetopoea pityocampa]]''}-). Ova vrsta je ozbiljna šumska štetočina kad je u svom stanju larve. Obratite pažnju na čekinju koja izvire sa donje strane zadnjeg dela ([[frenulum]]) i ide unapred da bi se zadržala na malom ratojanju od prednjeg dela, čija je funkcija da poveže krila zajedno.]]
 
=== Značaj za ljude ===
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Neki moljci, a posebno njihove [[Гусеница|gusenice]], mogu da budu velike [[agriculture|poljoprivredne]] štetočine u mnogim delovima sveta. Examples include [[corn borer]]s and [[Bollworm (disambiguation)|bollworm]]s.<ref>[http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5qfjgPesZ?url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf |date=2010-06-22 }}. USDA.</ref> The caterpillar of the [[gypsy moth]] (''Lymantria dispar'') causes severe damage to forests in the northeastern United States, where it is an [[invasive species]]. In temperate climates, the [[codling moth]] causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. In tropical and subtropical climates, the diamondback moth (''[[Plutella xylostella]]'') is perhaps the most serious pest of [[Brassicaceae|brassicaceous]] crops. Also in sub-Saharan Africa, the [[Eldana|African sugarcane borer]] is a major pest of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167880994900701 |doi=10.1016/0167-8809(94)90070-1|title=A review and perspectives for the biological control of the African sugarcane stalkborer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=48|issue=1|pages=9–17|date=February 1994|last1=Conlong|first1=D.E.}}</ref>
 
Several moths in the family [[Tineidae]] are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat [[Cloth|fabric]] such as [[clothes]] and [[blanket]]s made from natural [[proteinaceous]] fibers such as [[wool]] or [[silk]].<ref name="Scott">Scott, Thomas (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA681 ''Concise Encyclopedia Biology'']. Walter de Gruyter. {{ISBN|3-11-010661-2}}.</ref> They are less likely to eat mixed materials containing some artificial fibers. There are some reports that they may be repelled by the scent of wood from [[juniper]] and [[cedrus|cedar]], by [[lavender]], or by other natural oils; however, many consider this unlikely to prevent infestation. [[Naphthalene]] (the chemical used in [[mothball]]s) is considered more effective, but there are concerns over its effects on human health.
 
Moth larvae may be killed by freezing the items which they infest for several days at a temperature below {{convert|-8|°C|°F}}.<ref>Choe, D.-H. [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html "Clothes Moths"] in ''How to Manage Pests: Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets''. University of California</ref>
 
Despite being notorious for eating clothing, most moth adults do not eat at all. Many, like the [[Actias luna|Luna]], [[Antheraea polyphemus|Polyphemus]], [[Attacus atlas|Atlas]], [[Callosamia promethea|Promethea]], [[Hyalophora cecropia|cecropia]], and other large moths do not have mouth parts. While there are many species of adult moths that do eat, there are many that will drink [[nectar]].<ref name="Scott" />
 
Some moths are [[farm]]ed for their economic value. The most notable of these is the [[silkworm]], the larva of the domesticated moth ''[[Bombyx mori]]''. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its [[Cocoon (silk)|cocoon]]. {{As of|2002}}, the silk industry produces more than 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million [[United States dollar|U.S. dollars]], each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=2008-10-02|title=Table 74. Raw silk: production (including waste)|quote=Table lists worldwide raw silk production 132,400 metric tonnes in 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp|publisher=Central Silk Board of India|title=Silk Exchanges of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307195458/http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp |archivedate=March 7, 2007 }} gives silk prices in rupees. Exchange rate is about 50 RS to dollar.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php|title=Silk Worm Farming|publisher=Vegan Society|accessdate=2008-10-02|quote=World Raw Silk Production in 1996 is listed as 83,670 metric tonnes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042940/http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php |archivedate = June 19, 2008}}</ref>
 
Not all silk is produced by ''Bombyx mori''. There are several species of [[Saturniidae]] that also are farmed for their silk, such as the ailanthus moth (''[[Samia cynthia]]'' group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth (''[[Antheraea pernyi]]''), the Assam silkmoth (''[[Antheraea assamensis]]''), and the Japanese silk moth (''[[Antheraea yamamai]]'').
 
The larvae of many species are [[Insects as food|used as food]], particularly in Africa, where they are an important source of nutrition. The mopane worm, the caterpillar of ''[[Gonimbrasia belina]]'', from the family Saturniidae, is a significant food resource in [[southern Africa]]. Another saturniid used as food is the cavorting emperor (''[[Usta terpsichore]]''). In one country alone, [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]], more than 30 species of moth larvae are harvested. Some are sold not only in the local village markets, but are shipped by the ton from one country to another.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm |title=Some Edible Species |website=Food-Insects.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107031911/http://food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm |archive-date=2014-11-07}}</ref>
 
== Reference ==
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moljci