Вампир — разлика између измена

'''Вампир''' је митолошко биће из [[стара словенска вера|словенске митологије]], посебно на [[Балканско полуострво|Балкану]] и у [[Украјина|Украјини]], које преживљава тако што се храни животном енергијом (углавном у виду [[крв]]и) живих бића, без обзира на то да ли је вампир упокојено или живо биће.<ref name="Levkievskaja">{{fr icon}} {{cite journal|last=Levkievskaja| first = E.E.| year=1997| title = La mythologie slave : problèmes de répartition dialectale (une étude de cas : le vampire)| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119082207/http://www.recherches-slaves.paris4.sorbonne.fr/Cahier1/Levkievskaja.htm| journal = Cahiers Slaves| volume = 1| doi = | pmid = | accessdate=29. 12. 2007.}}</ref>{{sfn|Créméné|1981|p=89}}<ref name="Bunson. pp. 219">Bunson, ''Vampire Encyclopedia''. pp. 219.</ref><ref>Словник символів, Потапенко О.І, Дмитренко М. К, Потапенко Г.І. та ін, 1997.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212332/http://www.ber.te.ua/cgi-bin/dic/dic.php?nom=359] online article.</ref>{{sfn|Dundes|1998|p=13}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Vampire| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Britannica| volume = 27| publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica Company| year=1911| pages=876}}</ref> Вампиром се сматрао дух умрлог или леш кога је оживео зао дух или ђаво. Иако су приче о вампирима забележенeзабележене у многим културама, можда чак и од [[преисторија|праисторије]]<ref>Frost, Brian J. ''The Monster with a Thousand Faces: Guises of the Vampire in Myth and Literature'', Univ. of Wisconsin Press (1989). pp. 3.</ref>, израз вампир није постао чест све до почетка 18. века, након прилива вампирског [[сујеверје|сујеверја]] у [[западна Европа|западну Европу]] из области где су вампирске легенде биле честе, попут [[Балканско полуострво|Балкана]] и [[источна Европа|источне Европе]]<ref name="SU223">Silver & Ursini. pp. 22–23.</ref>, мада су у локалним варијантама такође познати под различитим именима, као што су [[вриколак]] у [[Грчка|Грчкој]] и [[стригој]] у [[Румунија|Румунији]]. На слику повратника-вампира који пије или сиса крв можда су утицале и грчке [[Ламије]]. Повећан степен вампирског сујеверја у Европи доводио је до [[масовна хистерија|масовне хистерије]], а у неким случајевима доводило је до пробијања лешева и оптужби за вампиризам.

Иако су вампири из народних веровања на Балкану и источној Европи имали широк спектар облика у распону од скоро човека до надуваних трулих лешева, тумачење [[хришћанство|хришћанске цркве]] и успех [[вампирска књижевност|вампирске књижевности]]<ref name="Development">{{Cite book|author=Mariah Larsson, Ann Steiner| title = Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight: Studies in Fiction, Media and a Contemporary Cultural Experience| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IFHoicjI2d8C&pg=PA270| accessdate=12. 044. 2012| year=2011| publisher = Nordic Academic Press|isbn=978-91-85509-63-8| quote = The fear of vampirism embodied in these early conceptions was used by the Church in order to impose its fundamental values on society. The Church therefore changed some of the typical vampire traits and gave them more religious connotations that are still very much in evidence in the vampire genre today. For example, the destruction of the vampire became a religious rite; crucifixes and holy water bestowed protection; and drinking the blood of a sinner strengthened the power of the Devil, while taking Communion afforded the communicant protection. Besides their roots in folklore and the influence of Christianity, vampire traits were shaped in the development of vampire literature.}}</ref><ref name="Lore">{{Cite book|author=James Craig Holte| title = Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=As8cClbbGqgC&pg=PA14| accessdate=12. 044. 2012| year=1997| publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-29215-6| quote = Christian belief played an important part in the development of vampire lore. According to Montague Summers, who describes the Christian position in detail in ''The Vampire: His Kith and Kin'', Christianity accepts the existence of vampires and sees the power of the devil behind their creation. Since vampires are servants of Satan, the Church has power over them. Thus vampires f;ee from and can be destroyed by the crucifix, relics of saints, the sign of the cross, holy water, and above all, a consecrated host.}}</ref>, односно романа „[[Вампир (роман)|Вампир]]“ [[Џон Полидори|Џона Полидорија]] из 1819, су установили архетип харизматичног и префињеног вампира. „Вампир“ је био најутицајније вампирско дело почетком 19. века<ref name=autogenerated1>Silver & Ursini, ''The Vampire Film''. pp. 37–38.</ref> и инспирисало је дела као што су „[[Вампир Варни]]“ и „[[Дракула]]“.<ref>{{Cite video|people=Frayling, Christopher| title = "Nightmare: The Birth of Horror; Dracula"| medium = TV-series| publisher = BBC| location = England| year=1996}}</ref> Сам роман „Вампир“ је био заснован на недовршеној причи [[џорџ Гордон Бајрон|лорда Бајрона]] „[[Део романа]]“, објављене 1819.

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Barber| first = Paul| title = Vampires, Burial and Death: Folklore and Reality| year=1988| publisher = Yale University Press | location = New York |isbn=978-0-300-04126-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Bunson| first = Matthew| title = The Vampire Encyclopedia| year=1993| publisher = Thames & Hudson| location = London|isbn=978-0-500-27748-5|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Burkhardt| first = Dagmar| title = Beiträge zur Südosteuropa-Forschung: Anlässlich des I. Internationalen Balkanologenkongresses in Sofia 26. VIII.-1. IX. 1966| chapter = Vampirglaube und Vampirsage auf dem Balkan| year=1966| publisher = Rudolf Trofenik | location = Munich| oclc = 1475919}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Cohen| first = Daniel| title = Encyclopedia of Monsters: Bigfoot, Chinese Wildman, Nessie, Sea Ape, Werewolf and many more...| year=1989| publisher = Michael O'Mara Books Ltd| location = London|isbn=978-0-948397-94-3|pages=}}

* {{fr icon}} {{cite book|ref=harv| last=Créméné| first = Adrien| title = La mythologie du vampire en Roumanie| year=1981| publisher = Rocher| location = Monaco|isbn=978-2-268-00095-4|pages=}}

* {{fr icon}} {{cite book|last=Faivre| first = Antoine| title = Les Vampires. Essai historique, critique et littéraire| year=1962| location = Paris | publisher = Eric Losfeld| oclc = 6139817}}

* {{fr icon}} {{cite book|last=Féval| first = Paul| title = Les tribunaux secrets : ouvrage historique| year=1851–1852| location = Paris | publisher = E. et V. Penaud frères}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Frayling| first = Christopher| title = Vampyres, Lord Byron to Count Dracula| year=1991| location = London| publisher = Faber|isbn=978-0-571-16792-0|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Introvigne| first = Massimo| title = La stirpe di Dracula: Indagine sul vampirismo dall'antichità ai nostri giorni | year=1997| location = Milan | publisher = Mondadori |isbn=978-88-04-42735-3| pages=}}<!--Coll. Antropologia-->

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Hurwitz| first = Siegmund | editor = Gela Jacobson (trans.) | year=1992| origyear=1980 | title = Lilith, the First Eve: Historical and Psychological Aspects of the Dark Feminine | location = Einsiedeln, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-85630-522-2 | publisher = Daimon Verlag}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Jennings| first = Lee Byron | chapter = An Early German Vampire Tale: Wilhelm Waiblinger's 'Olura' | editor = Reinhard Breymayer and Hartmut Froeschle (eds.)| year=2004| origyear=1986 | title = In dem milden und glücklichen Schwaben und in der Neuen Welt: Beiträge zur Goethezeit | location = Stuttgart | publisher = Akademischer Verlag Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-88099-428-7 | pages=295-306}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Jones| first = Ernest | title = On the Nightmare | chapter = The Vampire | year=1931| publisher = Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis | location = London | oclc = 2382718|isbn=978-0-394-54835-7|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Marigny| first = Jean| authorlink = | title = Vampires: The World of the Undead | year=1993| publisher = Thames & Hudson | location = London |isbn=978-0-500-30041-1|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=McNally| first = Raymond T. | title = Dracula Was a Woman | year=1983| publisher = McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-045671-6|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Schwartz| first = Howard | title = Lilith's Cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural | publisher = Harper & Row | year=1988| location = San Francisco |isbn=978-0-06-250779-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Skal| first = David J.| title = V is for Vampire | year=1996| location = New York | publisher = Plume |isbn=978-0-452-27173-9|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Skal| first = David J.| title = The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror | year=1993| publisher = Penguin | location = New York |isbn=978-0-14-024002-3|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Silver| first = Alain| coauthors = James Ursini| title = The Vampire Film: From Nosferatu to Bram Stoker's Dracula| year=1993| publisher = Limelight| location = New York|isbn=978-0-87910-170-1|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Summers| first = Montague | year=2005| origyear=1928 | title = Vampires and Vampirism | location = Mineola, NY | publisher = Dover |isbn=978-0-486-43996-9|pages=}} (Originally published as ''The Vampire: His Kith and Kin'')

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Summers| first = Montague | year=1996| origyear=1929 | title = The Vampire in Europe | location = Gramercy Books | publisher = New York |isbn=978-0-517-14989-8|pages=}} (also published as ''The Vampire in Lore and Legend''. {{page|year=|isbn=978-0-486-41942-8|pages=}} )

* {{sr icon}} {{cite book|last=Vuković| first = Milan T.| title = Народни обичаји, веровања и пословице код Срба| publisher = Сазвежђа| year=2004| location = Belgrade|isbn=978-86-83699-08-7|pages=}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Wilson| first = Katharina M.| title = = The History of the Word "Vampire"| journal = Journal of the History of Ideas| volume = 46| issue = 4| pages=577-583|date=Oct. – Dec, 1985| doi = 10.2307/2709546|id =

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Wright| first = Dudley | title = The Book of Vampires | year=1973| location = New York | publisher = Causeway Books | origyear=1914 |isbn=978-0-88356-007-5|pages=}} (Originally published as ''Vampire and Vampirism''; also published as ''The History of Vampires'')

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Dundes| first = Alan| title = The Vampire: A Casebook| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| year=1998|isbn=978-0-299-15924-5|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| author = Mariah Larsson, Ann Steiner| title = Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight: Studies in Fiction, Media and a Contemporary Cultural Experience| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IFHoicjI2d8C&pg=PA270| year=2011| publisher = Nordic Academic Press|isbn=978-91-85509-63-8|pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| author = James Craig Holte| title = Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=As8cClbbGqgC&pg=PA14| year=1997| publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-29215-6|pages=}}