Predacija — разлика између измена

At the most basic level, predators kill and eat other organisms. However, the concept of predation is broad, defined differently in different contexts, and includes a wide variety of feeding methods; and some relationships that result in the prey's death are not generally called predation. A [[parasitoid]], such as an [[ichneumon wasp]], lays its eggs in or on its host; the eggs hatch into larvae, which eat the host, and it inevitably dies. Zoologists generally call this a form of [[parasitism]], though conventionally parasites are thought not to kill their hosts. A predator can be defined to differ from a parasitoid in two ways: it kills its prey immediately; and it has many prey, captured over its lifetime, where a parasitoid's larva has just one, or at least has its food supply provisioned for it on just one occasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gurr |first1=Geoff M. |last2=Wratten |first2=Stephen D. |last3=Snyder |first3=William E. |title=Biodiversity and Insect Pests: Key Issues for Sustainable Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ng4hIDQ_k8C&pg=PT105 |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-23185-2 |page=105}}</ref><ref name=LaffertyKuris2002>{{cite journal |author1=Lafferty, K. D. |author2=Kuris, A. M. |date=2002 |title=Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size |journal=Trends Ecol. Evol. |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=507–513 |doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02615-0}}</ref><ref name=Getz2011>{{cite journal | author=Getz, W. M. | title=Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer-resource modelling | journal=Ecology Letters | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=113–24 | year=2011 | pmid=21199247 | pmc=3032891 | doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x }}</ref> ▼

[[File:Predation's Boundaries.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Relation of predation to other feeding strategies]]▼

There are other difficult and borderline cases. [[Micropredator]]s are small animals that, like predators, feed entirely on other organisms; they include [[flea]]s and [[mosquito]]es that consume blood from living animals, and [[aphid]]s that consume sap from living plants. However, since they typically do not kill their hosts, they are now often thought of as parasites.<ref name=PoulinRandhawa2015>{{cite journal |last1=Poulin |first1=Robert |author1link=Robert Poulin (zoologist) |last2=Randhawa |first2=Haseeb S. |title=Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics |journal=Parasitology |date=February 2015 |volume=142 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S6–S15 |doi=10.1017/S0031182013001674 |pmc=4413784 |pmid=24229807}}</ref><ref name=Rollinson>{{cite book |author=Poulin, Robert |authorlink=Robert Poulin (zoologist) |editor1=Rollinson, D. |editor2=Hay, S. I. |title=The Many Roads to Parasitism: A Tale of Convergence |work=Advances in Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y4AlXka7t0C&pg=PA28 |year=2011 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-385897-9 |pages=27–28}}</ref> Animals that [[Grazing|graze]] on [[phytoplankton]] or mats of microbes are predators, as they consume and kill their food organisms; but herbivores that browse leaves are not, as their food plants usually survive the assault.<ref name="Bengtson2002">{{cite book |author=Bengtson, S. |year=2002 |contribution=Origins and early evolution of predation |title=The fossil record of predation. The Paleontological Society Papers 8 |editor-last1=Kowalewski |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Kelley |editor-first2=P. H. |pages=289–317 |publisher=The Paleontological Society |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021552/Bengtson2002predation.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Awramik1971">{{cite journal |author=Awramik, S. M. |title=Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: Reflection of metazoan appearance |journal=Science |volume=174 |issue=4011 |pages=825–827 |date=19 November 1971 |doi=10.1126/science.174.4011.825 |pmid=17759393}}</ref><ref name="Stanley2008">{{cite journal |title=Predation defeats competition on the seafloor |author=Stanley, Steven M. |year=2008 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=34 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1666/07026.1 |issue=1}}</ref> However, when animals eat seeds (''[[seed predation]]'' or ''granivory'') or eggs (''[[egg predation]]''), they are consuming entire living organisms, which by definition makes them predators,<ref name=Janzen>{{cite journal |last1=Janzen |first1=D. H. |year=1971 |title=Seed Predation by Animals |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=2 |page=465 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.02.110171.002341}}</ref><ref name="NilssonBjörkman1985">{{cite journal |last1=Nilsson |first1=Sven G. |last2=Björkman |first2=Christer |last3=Forslund |first3=Pär |last4=Höglund |first4=Jacob |title=Egg predation in forest bird communities on islands and mainland |journal=Oecologia |volume=66 |issue=4 |year=1985 |pages=511–515 |doi=10.1007/BF00379342|pmid=28310791 |bibcode=1985Oecol..66..511N }}</ref> albeit unconventional ones: for instance, a mouse that eats grass seeds has no adaptations for tracking, catching and subduing prey and its teeth are not adapted to slicing through flesh.<ref name=HulmeBenkman2002>{{cite book |author1=Hulme, P. E. |author2=Benkman, C. W. |year=2002 |title=Granivory |pages=132–154 |work=Plant animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach |editor=C. M. Herrera and O. Pellmyr |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-632-05267-7}}</ref><ref name=Janzen/>▼

[[Scavenger]]s, organisms that only eat organisms found already dead, are not predators, but many predators such as the [[jackal]] and the [[hyena]] scavenge when the opportunity arises.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kane |first=Adam |last2=Healy |first2=Kevin |last3=Guillerme |first3=Thomas |last4=Ruxton |first4=Graeme D. |last5=Jackson |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017 |title=A recipe for scavenging in vertebrates – the natural history of a behaviour |journal=Ecography |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=324–334 |doi=10.1111/ecog.02817|hdl=10468/3213 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kruuk |first=Hans |title=The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |publisher=University of California Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0226455082| pages=107–108}}</ref><ref name="Bengtson2002"/> Among invertebrates, [[social wasp]]s (yellowjackets) are both hunters and scavengers of other insects.<ref name="Schmidt2009">{{Cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Justin O. |title=Wasps |journal=Encyclopedia of Insects |year=2009 |edition=Second |pages=1049–1052 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00275-7|isbn=9780123741448 }}</ref>▼