Пирана — разлика између измена

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{{taxobox
| name = Пирана
| fossil_range = Миоцен-садашњост {{fossilrange|20|0}}
| image = Pirhana06.jpg
| image_width = 250px
Линија 23 ⟶ 24:
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'''Пирана''' ([[Латински језик|латински]]: -{''pygocentrus piraya''}-, [[Португалски језик|португалски]]: -{''piranha''}-, [[Шпански језик|шпански]]: -{''piraña''}-) je слатководна [[Рибе|риба]] из породице -{[[Characidae]]}-<ref name="brit"> {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/461541/piranha|title=''piranha''|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=engleski|accessdate=23. 9. 2012}}</ref> из [[Ред (биологија)|реда]] [[Characiformes]] распрострањена по рекама и језерима [[Јужна Америка|Јужне Америке]] позната по својим оштрим зубима. Иако се често описују као екстремно предаторске и углавном се хране рибом, њихове прехрамбене навике се знатно разликују, а такође конзумирају биљни материјал,<ref name=Goulding1980/> те се класификују као [[omnivorous|омнивори]].<ref name=BBC2007>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6259946.stm |title=Piranha 'less deadly than feared' |accessdate=2 July 2007 |author=[[BBC News Online]] |date=2 July 2007}}</ref>
 
== Таксономија и еволуција ==
 
Пирана belong to the [[family (biology)|subfamily]] [[Serrasalminae]], which includes closely related omnivorous<ref>[http://badmanstropicalfish.com/profiles/profile86.html Black-finned Pacu Fish, Colossoma macropomum Profile with care, maintenance requirements and breeding information for your tropical fish]. Badmanstropicalfish.com. Retrieved on 13 May 2012.</ref> fish such as [[pacu]]s.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01484p038.pdf|title=Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories|doi=10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384132.x|author1=Freeman, Barbie|author2=Nico, Leo G.|author3=Osentoski, Matthew|author4=Jelks, Howard L.|author5=Collins, Timothy M.|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1484|pages=1–38|year=2007|accessdate=22 June 2009|issue=4}}</ref> Traditionally, only the four [[genus|genera]] ''[[Pristobrycon]]'', ''[[Pygocentrus]]'', ''[[Pygopristis]]'', and ''[[Serrasalmus]]'' are considered to be true piranhas, due to their specialized teeth. However, a recent analysis showed, if the piranha group is to be [[monophyly|monophyletic]], it should be restricted to ''Serrasalmus'', ''Pygocentrus'', and part of ''Pristobrycon'', or expanded to include these taxa plus ''Pygopristis'', ''[[Catoprion]]'', and ''[[Pristobrycon striolatus]]''. ''Pygopristis'' was found to be more closely related to ''Catoprion'' than the other three piranha genera.<ref name="Freeman"/>
 
The total number of piranha species is unknown and contested, and new species continue to be described. Estimates range from fewer than 30 to more than 60.<ref name="Freeman"/>
[[Image:Jaw of the piranha.jpg|thumb|left|Piranha in [[Venezuela]]]]
 
== Анатомија ==
Линија 44 ⟶ 52:
 
Ипак током времена су у пиране укључена четири рода: -{[[Pristobrycon]]}-, -{[[Pygocentrus]]}-, -{[[Pygopristis]]}- i -{[[Serrasalmus]]}-, на основу тога што имају један ред оштрих троугластих зуба које сви чланови те врсте имају. Остале класификације пирана укључују и додатне родове, као што су -{[[Catoprion]]}-, или искључују -{[[Pristobrycon]]}- јер се та група не сматра од стране свих ихтиолога монофилном - јер не потичу од једног заједничког претка.<ref name="brit" />
 
== Однос са људима ==
[[Image:Peru - PiranhaFishing.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing piranha on the [[Ucayali River]]]]
[[File:2010-0117-Peru-piranha.jpg|thumb|лево|A piranha, lightly grilled, served as food in the Peruvian Amazon]]
[[Image:Souvenir piranha side.JPG|thumb|A souvenir piranha]]
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Piranha teeth are often used as tools themselves (such as for carving wood or cutting hair) or to modify other tools (such as sharpening of [[Dart (missile)|darts]]). This has been documented among several South American tribes, including the [[Camayura]] and [[Shavante]] in Brazil and the [[Pacahuara]] in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite book | author=Onofrio-Grimm, O. | year=1993 | title=Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=padutQEACAAJ}}| pages=209–210 | volume=1 | edition=2 | isbn=978-0-937862-28-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Weatherford, J.M. | year=1985 | title=Tribes on the Hill |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=u1uTPIU6lA4C|page=28}} | page=28 | isbn=978-0-89789-071-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Méthraux, A. | chapter=Tribes of Eastern Bolivia and the Madeira Headwaters | editor=Steward, J.H. | year=1948 | title=Handbook of South American Indians |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6fDCFLba7Q8C}}| pages=389, 402, 452 | volume=3 }}</ref> Piranhas are also popular as food. They are often considered a nuisance by fishers since they steal bait, eat catches, damage fishing gear and may bite when accidentally caught.<ref name="Freeman"/>
 
Piranhas can be bought as pets in some areas, but they are illegal in many parts of the United States, and in the [[Philippines]], where importers face six months to four years in jail, and the piranhas destroyed to prevent proliferation in the latter.<ref>Geiger, Diana [http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art51634.asp Pirahna as Pets – Exotic Pets]. bellaonline.com</ref><ref>[http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/12/03/11/5-arrested-selling-piranhas-philippines 5 arrested for selling piranhas in Philippines]. Agence France-Presse. 12 March 2011</ref>
 
The most common aquarium piranha is ''Pygocentrus nattereri'', the [[red-bellied piranha]]. Piranhas can be bought fully grown or as young, often no larger than a thumbnail. It is important to keep ''Pygocentrus'' piranhas alone or in groups of four or more, not in pairs, since aggression among them is common, not allowing the weaker fish to survive, and is distributed more widely when kept in larger groups. It is not uncommon to find individual piranhas with one eye missing due to a previous attack.
 
=== Напади ===
 
Although often described as extremely dangerous in the media, piranhas typically do not represent a serious risk to humans.<ref name=Goulding1980>{{cite book | author=Goulding, M | year=1980 | title=The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History |url= {{google books |plainurl=y |id=krIsP5RbFx0C}}| publisher=University of California Press | pages=153–170 | isbn=978-0-520-04131-8 }}</ref><ref name=Sleen2017>{{cite book |editor= van der Sleen, P. |editor2= J.S. Albert | year=2017 | title=Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas |url= {{google books |plainurl=y |id=Gzc2DwAAQBAJ}} | publisher=Princeton University Press | pages=172–193 | isbn=978-0691170749 }}</ref> However, attacks have occurred, especially when the piranhas are in a stressed situation, such as the dense groups that may occur when the water is lower during the dry season and food is relatively scarce.<ref name=Goulding1980/><ref name=Mol2006>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/01650520600630683|title=Attacks on humans by the piranha ''Serrasalmus rhombeus'' in Suriname|year=2006|last1=Mol|first1=Jan H.|journal=Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment|volume=41|issue=3|pages=189–195 }}</ref> Swimming near fishermen may increase the risk of attacks due to the commotion caused by struggling fish and the presence of [[Fishing bait|bait]] in the water.<ref name=Mintz2013/><ref name=glob15/> Splashing attracts piranhas and for this reason children are more often attacked than adults.<ref name=Mol2006/> Being in the water when already injured or otherwise incapacitated also increases the risk.<ref name=Goulding1980/> There are sometimes [[warning sign]]s at high-risk locations,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso/noticia/2011/11/banhistas-sao-atacados-por-piranhas-em-rio-no-pantanal-de-mato-grosso.html |title=Praia no Rio Paraguai tem quase um ataque de piranhas por dia em MT |author=Martins, Kelly |work=globo.com|date=16 November 2011}}</ref> and beaches in such areas are sometimes protected by a barrier.<ref name=HeraldJuly2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/travel/net-to-take-bite-out-of-piranhas/news-story/e9dd93554feb745955d6baf9c7acf6b6?sv=1c088108b7d1f47e30d898e5f3994788 |title=Net to take bite out of Brazilian piranhas |work=heraldsun.com.au|date=10 July 2007}}</ref>
 
Most piranha attacks on humans only result in minor injuries, typically to the [[feet]] or hands, but they are occasionally more serious and very rarely can be fatal.<ref name=Mol2006/> Near the city of [[Palmas, Tocantins|Palmas]] in Brazil, 190 piranha attacks, all involving single bites to the feet, were reported in the first half of 2007 in an artificial lake, which appeared after the [[dam]]ming of the [[Tocantins River]].<ref name=HeraldJuly2007/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL70510-5598,00.html |title=Palmas registra 190 ataques de piranhas desde janeiro |work=globo.com|date= 16 July 2007}}</ref> In the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], a series of attacks in 2009 in the [[Tietê River]] resulted in 15 people with minor injuries.<ref name=glob15>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL1329368-5605,00-ATAQUE+DE+PIRANHAS+DEIXA+FERIDOS+EM+PRAINHA+NO+RIO+TIETE.html |title=Ataque de piranhas deixa 15 feridos em 'prainha' no Rio Tietê |date=5 October 2009|work=globo.com}}</ref> In 2011, another series of attacks at [[José de Freitas]] in the Brazilian state of [[Piauí]] resulted in 100 people being treated for bites to their toes or heels.<ref name=yah100>{{cite web |url=http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/balneario-no-piaui-recebe-100-mil-peixes-para-conter-ataque-de-piranhas.html |title=Balneário no Piauí recebe 100 mil peixes para conter ataque de piranhas |date=12 September 2011|publisher=br.noticias.yahoo.com}}</ref> On 25 December 2013, more than 70 bathers were attacked at [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] in Argentina, causing injuries to their hands or feet.<ref name=Mintz2013>Mintz, Zoe (26 December 2013) [http://www.ibtimes.com/piranha-attack-argentina-injures-more-70-fish-tore-bits-flesh-swimmers-christmas-1520828 Piranha Attack In Argentina Injures More Than 70, Fish Tore 'Bits Of Flesh' Off Swimmers On Christmas]. ibtimes.com</ref> In 2011, a drunk 18-year-old man was attacked and killed in Rosario del Yata, [[Bolivia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/mundo/noticias/0,,OI5507003-EI8140,00-Homem+bebado+morre+apos+ser+atacado+por+piranhas+na+Bolivia.html |title=Homem bêbado morre após ser atacado por piranhas na Bolívia |date=7 December 2011|work=terra.com.br}}</ref> In 2012, a five-year-old Brazilian girl was attacked and killed by a shoal of ''P. nattereri''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvuol.uol.com.br/assistir.htm?video=menina-e-atacada-por-piranhas-e-morre-no-amazonas-0402CD183464C4A13326&tagIds=1793&orderBy=mais-recentes&edFilter=editorial&time=all& |date=25 October 2012 |title=Menina é atacada por piranhas e morre no Amazonas|work=tvuol.uol.com.br}}</ref> In February 2015, a six-year-old girl died after being attacked by piranhas when her grandmother's boat capsized during a vacation in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2938059/Six-year-old-girl-dies-eaten-PIRANHAS-grandmother-s-canoe-capsizes.html|title=Six-year-old girl dies after being eaten by PIRANHAS|date=3 February 2015|website=Mail Online}}</ref>
 
== Референце ==
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== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Serrasalminae}}
* -{[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/461541/piranha ''Piranha'' na portalu Encyclopædia Britannica]}- {{en icon}}
* {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Fish_and_Aquaria/Freshwater/Species/Characins/Piranhas/}}
* -{Eric J. Lyman: [http://www.ericjlyman.com/piranha.html "Piranha meat could take a bite out of what ails you"], ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', 17 July 1998}-
* -{[http://www.ehometips.com/piranha101guide.htm How to maintain healthy piranha in the home aquarium]}-
* -{[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150319-piranha-feeding-frenzy-viral-video-brazil-animals/ "Piranha Feeding Frenzy"], National Geographic.com}- (2015-03-19)
 
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Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пирана