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{{Друге употребе|Стрес (вишезначна одредница)}}
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'''Стрес''' је скуп неспецифичних реакција човековог организма на штетне факторе из радног и животног окружења. Штетни фактори из човековог окружења активирају [[адаптациони механизам]] у организму како би се [[организам]] заштитио успостављањем равнотеже са средином. Стрес, било [[Физиологија|психолошки]] или [[biological|биолошки]], је одговор организма на [[стресор]]а као што је стање животне средине. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a condition such as a threat, [[:wikt:challenge|challenge]] or physical and psychological barrier. Stimuli that alter an organism's environment are responded to by multiple systems in the body. The [[autonomic nervous system]] and [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis]] are two major systems that respond to stress.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite journal|last1=Ulrich-Lai|first1=Yvonne M.|last2=Herman|first2=James P.|title=Neural Regulation of Endocrine and Autonomic Stress Responses|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date=7 February 2017|volume=10|issue=6|pages=397–409|doi=10.1038/nrn2647|issn=1471-003X|pmid=19469025|pmc=4240627}}</ref>
The sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis may activate the [[fight-or-flight response]] through the [[sympathetic nervous system]], which dedicates energy to more relevant bodily systems to [[Acute stress reaction|acute]] adaptation to stress, while the [[parasympathetic nervous system]] returns the body to homeostasis. The second major physiological stress, the HPA axis regulates the release of [[cortisol]], which influences many bodily functions such as metabolic, psychological and immunological functions. The SAM and HPA axes are regulated by several brain regions, including the [[limbic system]], [[prefrontal cortex]], [[amygdala]], [[hypothalamus]], and [[stria terminalis]].<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
Through these mechanisms, [[effects of stress on memory|stress can alter memory functions]], [[reward system|reward]], [[immune system|immune function]], [[metabolism]] and susceptibility to diseases.<ref name="Stress and the HPA Axis">{{cite journal|last1=Stephens|first1=Mary Ann C.|last2=Wand|first2=Gary|title=Stress and the HPA Axis|journal=Alcohol Research : Current Reviews|date=1 January 2012|volume=34|issue=4|pages=468–483|issn=2168-3492|pmc=3860380|pmid=23584113}}</ref> Definitions of stress differ. One system suggests there are five types of stress labeled "acute time-limited stressors", "brief naturalistic stressors", "stressful event sequences", "chronic stressors", and "distant stressors". An acute time-limited stressor involves a short-term challenge, while a brief natural stressor involves an event that is normal but nevertheless challenging. A stressful event sequence is a stressor that occurs, and then continues to yield stress into the immediate future. A chronic stressor involves exposure to a long-term stressor, and a distant stressor is a stressor that is not immediate.<ref name="Suzanne C 2909">{{cite journal|last1=Segerstrom|first1=Suzanne C.|last2=Miller|first2=Gregory E.|title=Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry|journal=Psychological Bulletin|date=7 February 2017|volume=130|issue=4|pages=601–630|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601|issn=0033-2909|pmid=15250815|pmc=1361287}}</ref>
== Преглед ==
Стрес и болест могу да имају заједничке компоненте. Неколико студија је указало на постојање везе,<ref name="Schneiderman, N. 2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Schneiderman | first1 = N. | last2 = Ironson | first2 = G. | last3 = Siegel | first3 = S. D. | year = 2005 | title = Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 607–628 | doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 | pmid=17716101 | pmc=2568977}}</ref> while theories of the stress–illness link suggest that both acute and chronic stress can cause illness, and lead to changes in behavior and in physiology. Behavioral changes can include smoking, and changes in eating habits and physical activity. Physiological changes can include changes in [[Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] activation or [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|HPA]] activity, and immunological function.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Herbert | first1 = T. B. | last2 = Cohen | first2 = S. | year = 1993 | title = Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review | url = | journal = Psychosomatic Medicine | volume = 55 | issue = 4| pages = 364–379 | doi=10.1097/00006842-199307000-00004| citeseerx = 10.1.1.125.6544 }}</ref> However, there is much variability in the link between stress and illness.<ref name="Ogden">Ogden, J. (2007). Health Psychology: a textbook (4th ed.), pages 281–282 New York: McGraw-Hill {{ISBN|0335214711}}</ref>
The HPA axis regulates many bodily functions, both behavioral and physiological, through the release of [[Glucocorticoid|glucocorticoid hormones]]. The HPA axis activity varies according to the [[circadian rhythm]], with a spike in the morning. The axis involves the release of [[corticotropin releasing hormone]] and [[vasopressin]] from the [[hypothalamus]] which stimulates the pituitary to secrete [[ACTH]]. ACTH may then stimulate the [[adrenal glands]] to secrete [[cortisol]]. The HPA axis is subject to negative feedback regulation as well.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Aguilera|first1=Greti|title=HPA axis responsiveness to stress: Implications for healthy aging|journal=Experimental Gerontology|date=1 January 2011|volume=46|issue=2–3|pages=90–95|doi=10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.023|issn=0531-5565|pmid=20833240|pmc=3026863}}</ref>
The release of CRH and VP are regulated by descending glutaminergic and GABAergic pathways from the amygdala, as well as noradrenergic projections. Increased cortisol usually acts to increase blood glucose, blood pressure, and surpasses lysosomal, and immunological activity. Under other circumstances the activity may differ. Increased cortisol also favors habit based learning, by favoring memory consolidation of emotional memories.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Selye demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, ''adaptation energy''.<ref name="SelyeAE1">{{cite journal | author = Selye H | year = 1938 | title = Adaptation Energy | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 141 | issue = 3577| page = 926 | doi=10.1038/141926a0| bibcode = 1938Natur.141..926S}}</ref> One study considered adaptation energy as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation.<ref name="GorbanJTB2016">{{cite journal | author =Gorban A.N. | author2=Tyukina T.A. |author3= Smirnova E.V. | author4= Pokidysheva L.I. | year = 2016 | title = Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287251014| journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 405| issue = | pages=127–139 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.017 | pmid=26801872 | arxiv =1512.03949}}</ref> Stress can make the individual more susceptible to physical illnesses like the common cold.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cohen S. | author2=Doyle W. J. | author3=Skoner D. P. | author4=Rabin B. S. | author5=Gwaltney Jr J. M. | year = 1997 | title = Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold | url = | journal = JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 277 | issue = 24| pages = 1940–1944 | doi=10.1001/jama.277.24.1940 | pmid=9200634}}</ref> Stressful events, such as job changes, may result in insomnia, impaired sleeping, and physical and psychological health complaints.<ref>Greubel, Jana and Kecklund, Göran. The Impact of Organizational Changes on Work Stress, Sleep, Recovery and Health. Industrial Health. Department for Psychology, University of Fribourg.</ref>
Research indicates the type of stressor (whether it is acute or chronic) and individual characteristics such as age and physical well-being before the onset of the stressor can combine to determine the effect of stress on an individual.<ref name="Schneiderman, N. 2005"/> An individual's personality characteristics (such as level of neuroticism),<ref name="Neuroticism2014">{{cite journal|author1=Jeronimus, B.F.|author2= Riese, H.|author3= Sanderman, R.|author4= Ormel, J.|year=2014|title= Mutual Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences: A Five-Wave, 16-Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation|journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=107|issue=4|pages=751–64|doi=10.1037/a0037009|pmid=25111305}}</ref> genetics, and childhood experiences with major stressors and traumas<ref name="Jeronimus2013">{{cite journal|author1= Jeronimus, B.F.|author2=Ormel, J.|author3=Aleman, A.|author4=Penninx, B.W.J.H.|author5= Riese, H.|journal=Psychological Medicine|year= 2013|volume=43|issue=11|pages=2403–15|title= Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism|doi=10.1017/s0033291713000159|pmid=23410535}}</ref> may also dictate their response to stressors.<ref name="Schneiderman, N. 2005"/>
== Психологија ==
Chronic stress and a lack of coping resources available or used by an individual can often lead to the development of psychological issues such as [[delusion]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kingston|first=Cara|last2=Schuurmans-Stekhoven|first2=James|year=2016|title=Life hassles and delusional ideation: Scoping the potential role of cognitive and affective mediators|url=|journal=Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice|volume=89|issue=4|pages=445–463|via=|doi=10.1111/papt.12089|pmid=26846698}}</ref> [[major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]] (see below for further information).<ref>Schlotz W, Yim IS, Zoccola PM, Jansen L, Schulz P (2011). The perceived stress reactivity scale: Measurement invariance, stability, and validity in three countries. Psychol Assess. (pp. 80–94).</ref> This is particularly true regarding chronic stressors. These are stressors that may not be as intense as an acute stressor like a natural disaster or a major accident, but they persist over longer periods of time. These types of stressors tend to have a more negative effect on health because they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily.<ref name="ReferenceE">{{cite journal |author1=Pinquart M. |author2=Sörensen S. | year = 2003 | title = Differences between caregivers and non-caregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis | url = | journal = Psychology and Aging | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 250–267 | doi=10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250}}</ref>
This depletes the body's energy more quickly and usually occurs over long periods of time, especially when these microstressors cannot be avoided (i.e. stress of living in a dangerous neighborhood). See [[allostatic load]] for further discussion of the biological process by which chronic stress may affect the body. For example, studies have found that caregivers, particularly those of dementia patients, have higher levels of depression and slightly worse physical health than non-caregivers.<ref name="ReferenceE"/>
== Теоријска поставка ==
Линија 48 ⟶ 70:
* Планирати и организовати обавезе, направити редослед
* Не дозволити нагомилавање активности „што можеш данас не остављај за сутра“
== Референце ==▼
{{reflist}}▼
== Види још ==
Линија 56 ⟶ 75:
* [[Неуроза]]
* [[Механизми одбране]]
▲== Референце ==
▲{{reflist}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Psychology}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107184403/http://www.stress.org/topic-definition-stress.htm The American Institute of Stress]
* [http://osha.europa.eu/publications/ "Research on Work-Related Stress"], [[European Agency for Safety and Health at Work]] (EU-OSHA)
* [https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/coping_with_stress_tips.html Coping With Stress]
* [http://www.integrativepro.com/Resources/Integrative-Blog/2014/General-Adaptation-Syndrome-Stages Stages of GAS & Evolving the Definition]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stress (Biological)}}
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