Adi Šankara — разлика између измена

'''Adi Šankaračarja''' ([[Sanskrit]]: आदि शङ्कराआचार्य }) bio je [[Индијци|indijski]] filozof i teolog iz 8. veka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shankara|title=Shankara &#124; Indian philosopher|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> koji je konsolidovao doktrine [[Advaita Vedanta]].{{sfn|Sharma|1962|p=vi}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=163}}{{refn|group=note|Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=163}} Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788–820 CE.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=163}} Other proposals are 686–718 CE, 44 BCE,<ref name="Keshava">Y. Keshava Menon, ''The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya'' 1976 pp. 108</ref> or as early as 509–477 BCE.}} He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora, {{ISBN|978-1-4724-1913-2}}, p. 105, Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."</ref><ref>''Shankara'', Student's Encyclopedia Britannia – India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-85229-760-5}}, p. 379, Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.";<br />David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, p. 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought."</ref><ref>Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-10335-0}}, p. 2, Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".</ref>▼

His works in [[Sanskrit]] discuss the unity of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]] and [[Nirguna Brahman]] "brahman without attributes".<ref name=SriAdi>[http://www.sringeri.net/history/sri-adi-shankaracharya Sri Adi Shankaracharya], Sringeri Sharada Peetham, India</ref> He wrote copious commentaries on the Vedic canon (''[[Brahma Sutras]]'', Principal [[Upanishads]] and ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'') in support of his thesis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/816610/how-adi-shankaracharya-united-a-fragmented-land-with-philosophy-poetry-and-pilgrimage|title=How Adi Shankaracharya united a fragmented land with philosophy, poetry and pilgrimage|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> His works elaborate on ideas found in the Upanishads. Shankara's publications criticised the ritually-oriented [[Mīmāṃsā]] school of Hinduism.<ref name=SKChattopadhyaya>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=09d0T6ygK4PTrQf5l4SgDQ&id=IPasbJW-1PwC&dq=inauthor%3A%22Shyama+Kumar+Chattopadhyaya%22&q=Mimamsa#v=snippet&q=Mimamsa&f=false Shyama Kumar Chattopadhyaya (2000) ''The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta''], Sarup & Sons, New Delhi {{ISBN|81-7625-222-0|978-81-7625-222-5}}</ref> He also explained the key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism, stating that Hinduism asserts "Atman (Soul, Self) exists", while Buddhism asserts that there is "no Soul, no Self".<ref name=eroer1>Edward Roer (Translator), to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad''. {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|pages=3–4}}</ref><ref name=eroer2>Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|page=3}} to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'' at p. 3, OCLC 19373677</ref><ref>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0619-1}}, p. 246–249, from note 385 onwards;<br />Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2217-5}}, p. 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]] is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";<br />Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|pages=2–4}}]<br />Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?], Philosophy Now;<br />John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0158-5}}, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref>▼

Shankara travelled across the [[Indian subcontinent]] to propagate his philosophy through discourses and debates with other thinkers. He established the importance of monastic life as sanctioned in the Upanishads and Brahma Sutra, in a time when the Mīmāṃsā school established strict ritualism and ridiculed monasticism. He is reputed to have founded four [[#Mathas|mathas]] ("monasteries"), which helped in the historical development, revival and spread of Advaita Vedanta of which he is known as the greatest revivalist.<ref name="DeepakChopraBookLink">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lsJbVICEOTcC&pg=PA13&dq=Adi+Shankara&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Es90T7a9NIy3rAeE3_HmCg&ved=0CFAQuwUwBg#v=onepage&q=Adi%20Shankara&f=false The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Yoga], Deepak Chopra, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, {{ISBN|81-265-0696-2|978-81-265-0696-5}}</ref> Adi Shankara is believed to be the organiser of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya|Dashanami]] monastic order and unified the [[Shanmata]] tradition of worship. He is also known as Adi Shankaracharya, Shankara Bhagavatpada, sometimes spelled as Sankaracharya, {{IAST|(Ādi) Śaṅkarācārya}}, {{IAST|Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda}} and {{IAST|Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya}}.▼