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Царина — разлика између измена

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'''Царина''' представља обавезу увозника-извозника да, у моменту када роба прелази [[национална граница|националну границу]], плати прописану суму новца у корист државе. Царина представља врсту посредног [[порез]]а који се наплаћује када роба прелази царинску линију. Циљ царине није да повећа државни приход, већ заштита домаће производње, нарочито оне која тек почиње да се развија. Царине предствљају стабилан и дугорочан инструмент регулисања [[спољна трговина|спољне трговине]] и заштите домаћег [[тржиште|тржишта]]. У већини земаља царинска тарифа се прописује [[Закон (право)|закон]]ом. [[Царинска тарифа]] не може да се мења од случаја до случаја и према тренутној потреби као други инструменти спољнотрговинске политике.
{{рут}}
Tariffs can be fixed (a constant sum per unit of imported goods or a percentage of the price) or variable (the amount varies according to the price). Taxing imports means people are less likely to buy them as they become more expensive. The intention is that they buy local products instead – boosting the country's economy. Tariffs therefore provide an incentive to develop production and replace imports with domestic products. Tariffs are meant to reduce pressure from foreign competition and reduce the trade deficit. They have historically been justified as a means to protect [[Infant industry argument|infant industries]] and to allow [[import substitution industrialization]]. Tariffs may also be used to rectify artificially low prices for certain imported goods, due to 'dumping', export subsidies or currency manipulation.
 
Тарифе могу бити фиксне (константна сума по јединици увезене робе или проценат цене) или променљиве (износ варира у зависности од цене). Опорезивањем увоза значи да ће људи мање куповати, јер постајe скупљи. Намера је да уместо тога купују локалне производе - подстичући економију земље. Тарифе стога пружају подстицај за развој производње и замену увоза домаћим производима. Тарифе имају за циљ смањење притиска стране конкуренције и смањење трговинског дефицита. Историјски су оправдаване као средство за заштиту [[Infant industry argument|индустрије у настанку]] и омогућавање [[import substitution industrialization|супституције увоза индустријализацијом]]. Тарифе се такође могу користити за исправљање вештачки ниских цена за одређену увезену робу, због „дампинга”, извозних субвенција или манипулације валутама.
There is near unanimous consensus among economists that tariffs have a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of [[trade barrier]]s has a positive effect on economic growth.<ref name="See P 19942">See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993 ; and P.Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.</ref><ref name="IGMFreeTrade2">{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/free-trade|title=Free Trade|date=March 13, 2012|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/import-duties|title=Import Duties|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[N. Gregory Mankiw]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade], ''New York Times'' (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."</ref><ref>[[William Poole (economist)|William Poole]], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6958854.pdf Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart], ''Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review'', September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/trade-within-europe|title=Trade Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> However, [[liberalization of trade]] can cause significant and unequally distributed losses, and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.<ref name="IGMFreeTrade2" />▼
 
▲ThereМеђу isекономистима nearје unanimousготово consensusједногласан amongконсензус economistsда thatтарифе tariffsнегативно haveутичу aна negativeекономски effectраст onи economicекономско growthблагостање, andдок economicслободна welfareтрговина whileи free trade and the reduction ofсмањење [[tradeТрговинска barrierбаријера|трговинских баријера]]s hasпозитивно aутичу positive effect onна economicекономски growthраст.<ref name="See P 19942">See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993 ; and P.Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.</ref><ref name="IGMFreeTrade2">{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/free-trade|title=Free Trade|date=March 13, 2012|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/import-duties|title=Import Duties|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[N. Gregory Mankiw]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade], ''New York Times'' (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."</ref><ref>[[William Poole (economist)|William Poole]], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6958854.pdf Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart], ''Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review'', September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/trade-within-europe|title=Trade Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> HoweverМеђутим, [[liberalization of trade|либерализација трговине]] canможе causeузроковати significantзнатне andи unequallyнеједнако distributedрасподељене lossesгубитке, andи theекономску economicдислокацију dislocationрадника ofу workersувозно in import-competingконкурентним sectorsсекторима.<ref name="IGMFreeTrade2" />
 
== Врсте царине ==
Ред 43:
* U.S. Tariff Commission. ''[https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit Colonial tariff policies]'' (1922), worldwide; 922pp
* Planet Express. [https://planetexpress.com/faq/duty-and-tax-de-minimis-thresholds/ Duty and TAX de minimis Thresholds] (2019)
* Bils, Mark. "Tariff protection and production in the early US cotton textile industry." ''Journal of Economic History'' (1984) 44#4 pp.&nbsp;1033–45.
* Bolt, William K. ''Tariff Wars and the Politics of Jacksonian America'' (2017) covers 1816 to 1861. [https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1027&context=utk_graddiss PhD dissertation version]
* Cohen, Andrew Wender. ''Contraband: Smuggling and the Birth of the American Century''. WW Norton & Company, 2015.
* Dewey, Davis Rich. ''Financial History of the United States'' (5th ed. 1915) [https://books.google.com/books?id=l3oaAAAAMAAJ online full text]
* Doran, Charles F. and Gregory P. Marchildon. ''The NAFTA Puzzle: Political Parties and Trade in North America'' (1994)
* Elliott, Orrin Leslie. ''The Tariff Controversy in the United States 1789–1833: With a Summary of the Period Before the Adoption of the Constitution'' (1892) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eS3GAAAAMAAJ online]
* [[Gingrich, Newt]]. "Trump's America: The Truth about Our Nation's Great Comeback" (2018)
* Goodman, Matthew P and Ratner, Ely "A Better Way to Challenge China on Trade" Foreign Affairs, March 22, 2018
* Hawke, Gary R. "The United States tariff and industrial protection in the late nineteenth century." ''Economic History Review'' (1975) 28#1 pp.&nbsp;84–99.
* Hill, William. "Colonial Tariffs," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' (1892) 7#1 pp.&nbsp;78–100 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1883762 in JSTOR]
* Hofstadter, Richard. "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War", ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct., 1938), pp.&nbsp;50–55 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1840850 full text in JSTOR]
* Irwin, Douglas A. "Antebellum Tariff Politics: Regional Coalitions and Shifting Economic Interests", ''Journal of Law and Economics,'' 51 (Nov. 2008), 715–42.
* Lake, David A. "International economic structures and American foreign economic policy, 1887–1934." ''World Politics'' (1983) 35#4 pp.&nbsp;517–43. [http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/Reprints/Structures%20WP%2035,%204%20(1983).pdf online]
* Kaplan, Edward S.; ''Prelude to Trade Wars: American Tariff Policy, 1890–1922'' Greenwood Press 1994
* Kaplan, Edward S. ''American Trade Policy: 1923–1995'' (1996), [http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0038.shtml online review]
* Narton, John H. Judith L. Goldstein, Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, ''The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO'' (2008)
* Schattsneider, E. E. ''Politics, Pressures and the Tariff'' (1935). Passage of Hawley-Smoot tariff
* Smith, Mark A. ''The Tariff on Wool'' 1926
*{{cite book|author=Stanwood, Edward |title=American tariff controversies in the nineteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGkpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1903|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin}} detailed political narrative; full text online
* {{cite book|author1=Studenski, Paul |author2=Herman Edward Krooss |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Financial History of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0UqxH-5fdkC|year=2003|publisher=Beard Books|isbn=9781587981753 }}
* Summers; Festus P. ''William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform, a Biography'' (1953) on 1890s
* Taussig, F. W. ''The Tariff History of the United States''. 8th edition (1931); [https://books.google.com/books?id=MyqgiptJzfwC 5th edition 1910 is online], the standard scholarly history; it collects articles he wrote in the journals
* Taussig, Frank William. ''The history of the present tariff, 1860–1883'' (1885) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=v80OAAAAYAAJ online]
* Taussig, Frank W. "The Tariff, 1830–1860." ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' (1888) 2#3 pp.&nbsp;314–46. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879417 in JSTOR]
* Taylor, George Rogers, ed. ''The Great Tariff Debate, 1820–1830'' (1953), excerpts from primary and secondary sources
* Terrill, Tom E. ''The Tariff, Politics, and American Foreign Policy 1874–1901'' (1973).
* Turney, Elaine C. Prange, and Cynthia Clark Northrup. ''Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia'' (3 vol 2003); primary sources in vol 3
* Wolman, Paul. ''Most Favored Nation: The Republican Revisionists and U.S. Tariff Policy, 1897–1912'' (1992)
* {{cite book| title=The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Volume I: To 1877| edition=9th| page=143| date=2017| publisher=Cengage Learning| location=Boston, Massachusetts| last1=Kennedy| first1=David M.| last2=Cohen| first2=Lizabeth| last3=Piehl| first3=Mel| isbn=978-1-285-19330-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ha-Joon Chang|title=Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bairoch |title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |isbn = 0807848115|title = Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776|last1 = Eckes|first1 = Alfred E.|year = 1995}}
* {{cite book|author=William Smith McClellan|title=Smuggling in the American colonies at the outbreak of the Revolution: with special reference to the West Indies trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5p2AAAAMAAJ|year=1912|pages=full text online}}
* {{cite book|author=Hugh Tulloch|title=The Debate On the American Civil War Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVD1-qcknywC&pg=PA226|year=1999|publisher=Manchester UP|page=226|isbn=9780719049385}}
{{refend}}
 
Линија 54 ⟶ 88:
* -{[http://www.macmap.org/ Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements]}-
* -{[http://tao.wto.org/ WTO Tariff Analysis Online – Detailed information on tariff and trade data]}-
* -{[http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/teachers/tariff-lesson.html Lesson plan on tariffs in US history] from Northern Illinois University}-
* -{[http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/teachers/tariff-songlesson.html Campaign Songs as Propaganda: Free Trade vs. Protectionism – In Whose Interest?] from Northern Illinois University}-
 
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Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Царина”