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== Rani život ==
Audubon was born in [[Les Cayes]] in the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] (now [[Haiti]])<ref>Nelson, Randy F. ''The Almanac of American Letters''. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 26. {{ISBN|0-86576-008-X}}</ref> on his father's [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|plantation]]. He was the son of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, a French naval officer (and [[privateer]]) from the south of [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]],<ref name="rhodes"/> and his mistress, Jeanne Rabine,<ref>Sometimes, it is written "Rabin"</ref> a 27-year-old chambermaid from [[Les Touches]], Brittany (now in the modern region [[Pays de la Loire]]).<ref name="rhodes">[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWJ2uq2Lu1oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+James+Audubon:+The+Making+of+an+American&source=bl&ots=MviTrh0W24&sig=yPu4JPcHx4ZS6OscZF-VEs42ObU&hl=en&ei=uR63TafgGqnh0QHdztXKCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCg#v=snippet&q=Jeanne%20Rabin%20&f=false Rhodes, Richard ''John James Audubon: The Making of an American''], New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004, p. 4, accessed April 26, 2011.</ref><ref name="Souder 2005, p. 18">Souder 2005, p. 18</ref> They named him Jean Rabin.<ref name="Souder 2005, p. 18"/> Another 1887 biographer has stated that his mother was a lady from a Louisiana plantation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/popularsciencemo31newy|title=The Popular science monthly|date=1887|publisher=[New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.]|others=MBLWHOI Library}}</ref> His mother died when he was a few months old, as she had suffered from tropical disease since arriving on the island. His father already had an unknown number of [[mixed-race]] children (among them a daughter named Marie-Madeleine),<ref name="DeLatt, Carolyne E. 2008 page 21">DeLatt, Carolyne E., ''Lucy Audubon: A Biography'' (LSU Press, 2008), p. 21</ref> some by his mixed race housekeeper, Catherine "Sanitte" Bouffard<ref name="DeLatt, Carolyne E. 2008 page 21"/> (described as a [[quadroon]], meaning she was three-quarters European in ancestry).<ref>Rhodes, John James Audubon (2004), p. 6</ref> Following Jeanne Rabin's death, Audubon renewed his relationship with Sanitte Bouffard and had a daughter by her, named Muguet. Bouffard also took care of the infant boy Jean.<ref>Souder 2005, p. 19</ref> ▼
▲AudubonOdubon wasje bornrođen inu [[Les Cayes |Le Keu]] inu thefrancuskoj French colony ofkoloniji [[Saint-Domingue |Sen Dominik]] ( nowsada [[Haiti]])<ref>Nelson, Randy F. ''The Almanac of American Letters''. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 26. {{ISBN|0-86576-008-X}}</ref> on his father's [[sugarcane]]na [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean| plantationplantaži]] . He[[Шећерна wasтрска|šećerne thetrske]] sonsvog ofoca. Bio Lieutenantje Jeansin Audubon,poručnika aŽana Odubona, Frenchfrancuskog navalpomorskog officeroficira ( andi [[ privateerКорсари|korsira]]) fromsa the south ofjuga [[Duchy of Brittany| BrittanyBretanje]],<ref name="rhodes"/> andi hisnjegove mistressljubavnice, JeanneŽane RabineRabin,<ref>Sometimes, it is written "Rabin"</ref> a 27- year-oldgodišnje chambermaidkomorice fromiz [[Les Touches |Les Tuša]], BrittanyBretanja ( nowsada inu the modernmodernoj regionregiji [[ PaysРегион de la LoireЛоара|Loara]]).<ref name="rhodes">[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWJ2uq2Lu1oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+James+Audubon:+The+Making+of+an+American&source=bl&ots=MviTrh0W24&sig=yPu4JPcHx4ZS6OscZF-VEs42ObU&hl=en&ei=uR63TafgGqnh0QHdztXKCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCg#v=snippet&q=Jeanne%20Rabin%20&f=false Rhodes, Richard ''John James Audubon: The Making of an American''], New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004, p. 4, accessed April 26, 2011.</ref><ref name="Souder 2005, p. 18">Souder 2005, p. 18</ref> TheyImenovali namedsu himga JeanŽan Rabin.<ref name="Souder 2005, p. 18"/> AnotherJedan biograf iz 1887 . biographergodine hasizjavio statedje thatda hisje mothernjegova wasmajka abila ladydama fromsa aplantaže Louisianau plantationLuizijani.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/popularsciencemo31newy|title=The Popular science monthly|date=1887|publisher=[New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.]|others=MBLWHOI Library}}</ref> HisNjegova mothermajka diedje whenumrla hekad wasmu aje fewbilo monthsnekoliko oldmeseci, aspošto sheje hadpatila sufferedod fromtropske tropicalbolesti diseaseod sincedolaska arrivingna on the islandostrvo. HisNjegov fatherotac alreadyveć hadje animao unknownnepoznat numberbroj ofdece [[ mixed-raceМелези|mešovite rase]] children ( amongmeđu themnjima ai daughterćerku namedpo Marieimenu Mari- MadeleineMadlen),<ref name="DeLatt, Carolyne E. 2008 page 21">DeLatt, Carolyne E., ''Lucy Audubon: A Biography'' (LSU Press, 2008), p. 21</ref> someneke bysa hisnjegovom mixedkućnom racepomoćnicom housekeepermešovite rase, CatherineKatrin "Sanitte"„Sanit” BouffardBufa<ref name="DeLatt, Carolyne E. 2008 page 21"/> ( describedopisane as akao [[quadroon |kvarteron]], meaningšto sheznači wasda three-quartersje Europeanona inimala tri četvrtine evropskog ancestryporekla).<ref>Rhodes, John James Audubon (2004), p. 6</ref> FollowingNakon Jeannesmrti Žane Rabin 's death, AudubonOdubon renewedje hisobnovio relationshipvezu withsa SanitteSanit BouffardBufa andi hadimao aje daughterćerku bys hernjom, namedpo Muguetimenu Mjuge. BouffardBufa alsose tooktakođe care of thebrinula infanto boydečaku JeanŽanu.<ref>Souder 2005, p. 19</ref>
The senior Audubon had commanded ships. During the [[American Revolution]], he had been imprisoned by Britain. After his release, he helped the American cause.<ref>Alice Ford, ''Audubon By Himself'', The Natural History Press, Garden City, NY: 1969, p. 4</ref> He had long worked to save money and secure his family's future with real estate. Due to slave unrest in the Caribbean, in 1789 he sold part of his plantation in Saint-Domingue and purchased a 284-acre farm called [[Mill Grove]], 20 miles from [[Philadelphia]], to diversify his investments. Increasing tension in Saint-Domingue between the colonists and the African slaves, who greatly outnumbered them, convinced Jean Audubon to return to France, where he became a member of the [[French Republican Guard|Republican Guard]]. In 1791 he arranged for his natural children, Jean and Muguet, who were majority-white in ancestry, to be transported and delivered to him in France.<ref>Rhodes, JJ Audubon (2004), p. 6</ref><ref name="Souder 2005, p. 20">Souder 2005, p. 20</ref><ref>Shirley Streshinsky, ''Audubon: Life and Art in the American Wilderness'', Villard Books, New York, 1993, {{ISBN|0-679-40859-2}}, p. 13</ref>
Stariji Odubon je komandovao brodovima. Za vreme [[American Revolution|Američke revolucije]], Britanija ga je zatvorila. Nakon puštanja na slobodu, pomagao je Američkom pokretu.<ref>Alice Ford, ''Audubon By Himself'', The Natural History Press, Garden City, NY: 1969, p. 4</ref> On je dugo nastojao da uštedi dovoljno novca kako bi osigurao budućnost porodice nekretninama. Zbog robovskih nemira na Karibima, 1789. godine prodao je deo svoje plantaže u Sen-Dominiku i kupio farmu od 28 hektara pod nazivom [[Mill Grove|Mil Grouv]], 20 milja od [[Philadelphia|Filadelfije]], kako bi diverzifikovao svoje investicije. Sve veća napetost u Sen-Dominiku između kolonista i afričkih robova, koji su bili znatno brojniji, ubedila je Žana Odubona da se vrati u Francusku, gde je postao pripadnik [[Republican Guard (France)|Republikanske garde]]. Godine 1791. organizovao je da se njegova deca, Žan i Mjuge, koja su bila većinski belačkog porekla, prevezu kod njega u Francusku.<ref>Rhodes, JJ Audubon (2004), p. 6</ref><ref name="Souder 2005, p. 20">Souder 2005, p. 20</ref><ref>Shirley Streshinsky, ''Audubon: Life and Art in the American Wilderness'', Villard Books, New York, 1993, {{ISBN|0-679-40859-2}}, p. 13</ref>
[[File:La Gerbetière à Couëron 2.JPG|thumb|{{ill|La Gerbetière|fr|La Gerbetière}}, mansion owned by Audubon's father in Couëron, where young Audubon was raised]]
The children were raised in [[Couëron]], near [[Nantes]], [[France]], by Audubon and his French wife, Anne Moynet Audubon, whom he had married years before his time in Saint-Domingue. In 1794 they formally adopted both his natural children to regularize their legal status in France.<ref name="Souder 2005, p. 20"/> They renamed the boy Jean-Jacques Fougère Audubon and the girl Rose.<ref>Stanley Clisby Arthur, ''Audubon" An Intimate Life of the American Woodsman'' (Pelican Publishing, 1937), p. 478</ref> When Audubon, at age 18, boarded ship in 1803 to immigrate to the United States, he changed his name to an anglicized form: John James Audubon.<ref>Rhodes, ''John James Audubon'' (2004), pp. 3–4</ref>
[[File:La Gerbetière à Couëron 2.JPG|thumb|La Žerbetje, posed u vlasništvu Odubonovog oca u [[Kueron]]u, gde je odrastao mladi Odubon]]
From his earliest days, Audubon had an affinity for birds. "I felt an intimacy with them...bordering on frenzy [that] must accompany my steps through life."<ref>Rhodes 2004, p. 22</ref> His father encouraged his interest in nature:
Decu su odgajili u [[Kueron]]u, blizu [[Nant]]a u [[Francuska|Francuskoj]], Odubon i njegova francuska supruga An Mone Odubon, sa kojom se venčao godinama pre svog vremena u Sen-Dominiku. Godine 1794. formalno su usvojili oboje dece da bi regulisali njihov pravni status u Francuskoj.<ref name="Souder 2005, p. 20"/> Preimenovali su dečaka Žan-Žak Fužere Odubon i devojčicu u Roze.<ref>Stanley Clisby Arthur, ''Audubon" An Intimate Life of the American Woodsman'' (Pelican Publishing, 1937), p. 478</ref> Kada se Odubon, sa 18 godina, ukrcao na brod 1803. godine za imigraciju u Sjedinjene Države, promenio je ime u skraćeni oblik: Džon Džejms Odubon.<ref>Rhodes, ''John James Odubon'' (2004), pp. 3–4</ref>
Odubon je od svojih najranijih dana imao naklonost prema pticama. „Osetio sam prisnost sa njima ... koja se graniči s pomamom [koja] mora pratiti moje korake kroz život.”<ref>Rhodes 2004, p. 22</ref> Njegov otac je ohrabrivao njegovo interesovanje za prirodu:
<blockquote>He would point out the elegant movement of the birds, and the beauty and softness of their plumage. He called my attention to their show of pleasure or sense of danger, their perfect forms and splendid attire. He would speak of their departure and return with the seasons.<ref>Ford 1969, p. 3</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>On bi istaknuo elegantno kretanje ptica, lepotu i mekoću njihovog perja. On mi je skrenuo pažnju na njihovo pokazivanje zadovoljstva ili osećaja opasnosti, njihove savršene forme i sjajno ruho. On bi govorio o njihovom odlasku i povratku sa sezonama.<ref>Ford 1969, p. 3</ref></blockquote>
In France during the chaotic years of the [[French Revolution]] and its aftermath, the younger Audubon grew up to be a handsome and gregarious man. He played flute and violin, and learned to ride, [[fencing|fence]], and dance.<ref name="Rhodes 2004, p. 5">Rhodes 2004, p. 5</ref> A great walker, he loved roaming in the woods, often returning with natural curiosities, including birds' eggs and nests, of which he made crude drawings.<ref>Streshinsky 1993, p. 14</ref> His father planned to make a seaman of his son. At twelve, Audubon went to military school and became a cabin boy. He quickly found out that he was susceptible to seasickness and not fond of mathematics or navigation. After failing the officer's qualification test, Audubon ended his incipient naval career. He was cheerfully back on solid ground and exploring the fields again, focusing on birds.<ref>Streshinsky 1993, pp. 16–17</ref>
U Francuskoj tokom haotičnih godina [[French Revolution|Francuske revolucije]] i njenih posledica, mlađi Odubon je odrastao u zgodnog i stasitog čoveka. Svirao je flautu i violinu, i naučio je da vozi, [[Мачевање|mačuje]] i pleše.<ref name="Rhodes 2004, p. 5">Rhodes 2004, p. 5</ref> Voleo je duge hodove i obožavao lutanje po šumi, te se često vraćao sa prirodnom radoznalošću, istražujući ptičija jaja i gnezda, koja je prikazivao grubim crtežima.<ref>Streshinsky 1993, p. 14</ref> Njegov otac je planirao da ga obuči da bude pomorac. Sa dvanaest godina, Odubon je pošao u vojnu školu i postao kabinski dečak. Vrlo brzo je otkrio da je podložan morskoj bolesti i da ne voli matematiku niti navigaciju. Nakon neuspešnog oficirskog kvalifikacionog testa, Odubon je okončao svoju mornaričku karijeru u začetku. Rado se vratio na čvrsto tlo i ponovo istraživao polja, fokusirajući se na ptice.<ref>Streshinsky 1993, pp. 16–17</ref>
== Radovi ==
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