Kanemsko carstvo — разлика између измена

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Ред 46:
Kanem je bio smešten na južnom kraju [[trans-Saharan trade|transsaharske trgovačke]] rute između [[Триполи|Tripolija]] i regiona [[чад (језеро)|jezera Čad]]. Pored urbane elite, takođe je obuhvatao [[Конфедерација|konfederaciju]] [[nomad]]skih naroda koji su govorili jezike grupe [[Teda language|teda]]-[[Dazaga language|daza]] ([[Toubou|tubu]]).
 
U 8. veku [[Wahb ibn Munabbih|Vahb ibn Munabih]] je koristio Zagavu za opisivanje grupe teda-tubu, u najranijoj upotrebi tog etničkog imena. [[Мухамед ел Хорезми|Muhamed ibn Musa el Horezmi]] takođe pominje Zagavu u 9. veku, kao što učinio i [[Ibn al-Nadim|Ibn el Nadim]] u svom ''Kitab el Fihristu''<ref>''Al-Fiḥrist'',Book I, pp. 35-36</ref> u 10. veku. Kanem dolazi od ''anem'', što znači južno u jeziku teda i kanura, pa otuda i geografski pojam. Tokom prvog milenijuma, kako je Sahara prolazila kroz [[desiccation|isušivanje]], ljudi koji govore [[Kanembu language|kanemski]] jezik migrirali su u Kanem na jugu. Ova grupa je doprinela formiranju [[Kanuri people|Kanurijskog]] naroda. Kanurske tradicije navode da je Zagavska dinastija predvodila grupu nomada zvanih Magumi.<ref name="Nehemia">{{cite book |last=Levtzion |first=Nehemia |editor1-last=Fage |editor1-first=J.D. |title=The Sahara and the Sudan from the Arab conquest of the Maghrib to the rise of the Almoravids, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 2, from c. 500 BC to AD 1050 |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |id=ISBN 05212159279780521215923 |pages=667, 680–683}}</ref>
 
Isušišenje Sahare rezultiralo je dvama grupama naselja, onima koji govore teda-daza jezik severoistočno od jezera Čad, i onima koja govore [[Чадски језици|čadski]] zapadno od jezera u Bornu i [[Hausa|hauske]] zemlje.<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|164}}
Ред 65:
Prema kanurskom predanju [[Sayf b. Dhi Yazan|Sajf b. Di Jazan]] je uspostavio dinastičku vlast nad nomadskim Magumima oko 9. ili 10. veka, kroz [[divine kingship|sveto kraljevstvo]]. Tokom sledećeg milenijuma [[Mais (Africa)|Majsi]] su vladali [[Kanuri people|Kanurima]], što je obuhvatalo [[Ngalaga]], Kangu, Kaji, Kuburi, Kaguva, Tomagra i Tubu plemena.<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|165–168}}
 
Kanem se spominje kao jedno od tri velika kraljevstava u [[Судан (регија)|Bilad el Sudanu]], radu geografa [[Al Yaqubi|El Jakobija]] iz 872. godine. On opisuje kraljevstvo „Zagava koji žive u mestu zvanom Kanim”, koje je obuhvatalo nekoliko [[Вазална држава|vazalskih kraljevstava]], i navodi da su „njihova prebivališta kolibe napravljene od trske i nemaju gradova.” Živeći kao [[nomad]]i, njihova [[konjica]] im je davala vojnu superiornost. U 10. veku, al-Muhalabi pominje dva grada u kraljevstvu, od kojih je jedan bio [[Mānān|Manan]]. Njihov kralj je smatran božanskim, i verovalo se da on može „doneti život i smrt, bolest i zdravlje”. Bogatstvo se merilo u [[stoka|stoci]], ovcama, govedima, kamilama i konjima. Od [[Al-Bakri]]ja u 11. veku nadalje, kraljevstvo se naziva ''Kanem''. U 12. veku [[Muhamed el Idrisi]] je opisao Manan kao „mali grad bez ikakve industrije i sa malo trgovine”. [[Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi|Ibn Said al-Magribi]] opisuje Manan kao glavni grad Kanemskog kraljevsta u 13. veku, a Kanem kao moćno muslimansko kraljevstvo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levtzion|first=Nehemia|title=Ancient Ghana and Mali|date=1973|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd|location=New York|id=ISBN 08419043169780841904316|page=3}}</ref><ref name=Nehemia/><ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Abdullahi |editor1-last=Ajayi |editor1-first=J.F. Ade |editor2-last=Crowder |editor2-first=Michael |title=The early states of the Central Sudan, in History of West Africa, Volume One |date=1972 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |id=ISBN 02310362809780231036283 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwestafr0000ajay/page/168 168–172, 199–201] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestafr0000ajay/page/168 }}</ref>
 
== Reference ==
Ред 81:
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Lange |first=Dierk |title=Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu |location=Wiesbaden |year=1977 }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Lange |first=Dierk |authormask=2 |title=A Sudanic Chronicle: The Borno Expeditions of Idris Alauma (1564–1576) |location=Stuttgart |year=1987 }}
Ред 92:
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Levtzion |first=Nehemia |first2=John |last2=Hopkins |title=Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History |location= |publisher=Cambridge |year=1981 }}
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last=Barkindo |first=Bawuro |chapter=The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D. |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Ajayi |editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=Crowder |title=History of West Africa |volume=I |edition=3rd |publisher= |location=Harlow |year=1985 |pages=225–254 |id=ISBN 978-0-582-64683-94 }}
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* Yves Urvoy: ''L'empire du Bornou'', Paris 1949.
Ред 107:
* Levtzion, Nehemia (1978):"The Saharan and the Sudan from the Arab conquest of the Maghrib to the rise of the Almoravids", in: J. D. Fage (ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', vol. II, Cambridge 1978, pp.&nbsp;637–684.
* Palmer, Herbert Richmond (1936). ''Bornu Sahara and Sudan''. London.
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* Urvoy, Yves (1941). "Chronologie du Bornou", ''Journal de la Société des Africanistes'', 11, 21-31.
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