Munja — разлика између измена

'''Munja''' je vidljivo pražnjenje atmosferskog [[elektricitet]]a do kojeg dolazi kad određeno područje atmosfere postane električki nabijeno ili se pojavi razlika potencijala dovoljna da savlada otpor [[vazduh]]a. Najčešće udara iz olujnih oblaka [[kumulonimbus]]a. Tokom oluje munja se može pojaviti u oblaku, između oblaka, između oblaka i vazduha te između oblaka i tla.<ref name="ucar">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/Lightning.html|title=Factsheet: Lightning|accessdate=November 7,. 11. 2007|publisher=University Corporation for Atmospheric Research|year=2003|first=Rene|last=Munoz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010502025658/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/Lightning.html|archive-date=022. 055. 2001|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref name="ufl">{{cite web|url=http://plaza.ufl.edu/rakov/Gas.html|title=Lightning Makes Glass|accessdate=November 7,. 11. 2007|publisher=University of Florida, Gainesville|year=1999|first=Vladimir A.|last=Rakov}}</ref><ref name="noaa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/galunfeat.html|title=Volcanic Lightning|accessdate = 21. 9. 2007.|publisher=National Geophysical Data Center - NOAA|author=NGDC - NOAA}}</ref>

[[Кугличаста муња|Kugličasta ili loptasta munja]] oblik je munje dugoga trajanja. Pojavljuje se kao traka svetlećih odsečaka umesto kontinuiranog kanala. Pojavljuje se retko. Uzroci nastanka su nepoznati, a predložene su druge teorije: delovi kanala munje idu ukoso prema promatraču ili od njega i zato se čine sjajnijim; delovi kanala su nejasni zbog kiše ili oblaka; neki delovi kanala su većeg [[prečnik]]a, a drugi manjeg, što utiče na oblik munje.<ref name="how">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageplanet/03deadlyskies/01lforms/indexmid.html|title=How Lightning Forms|accessdate = 21. 9. 2007.|publisher=Public Broadcasting System|author=Micah Fink for PBS}}</ref>

* {{cite journal|author=André Anders|title=Tracking Down the Origin of Arc Plasma Science I. Early Pulsed and Oscillating Discharges| journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science|date=2003|volume=31|issue=4|pages=1052–1059|doi=10.1109/TPS.2003.815476 | ref=harv|bibcode= 2003ITPS...31.1052A |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc785933/}} This is also available at {{cite journal|url=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/823201-oEL59M/native/823201.pdf |title=Energy Citations Database (ECD)|journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science|volume=31|issue=5|pages=1052–1059|accessdate=September 5,. 9. 2008|doi=10.1109/TPS.2003.815476|year=2003|last1=Anders|first1=A.}}

* {{cite journal|author=Anna Gosline|title=Thunderbolts from space|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=Maymaj 2005|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624981.200 |volume=186|issue=2498|pages=30–34| ref=harv}} [http://assets.cambridge.org/052158/3276/sample/0521583276WS.pdf Sample], in .PDF form, consisting of the book through page 20.

* {{cite web|url=http://www.easa.europa.eu/safety-and-research/research-projects/docs/large-aeroplanes/EASA.2008_5.pdf |date=Novembernovembar 2010 |title=Hail Threat Standardisation |author1=P.R. Field |author2=W.H. Hand |author3=G. Cappelluti |display-authors=etal |publisher=European Aviation Safety Agency. RP EASA.2008/5 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207052634/http://www.easa.europa.eu/safety-and-research/research-projects/docs/large-aeroplanes/EASA.2008_5.pdf |archivedate=December 7,. 12. 2013 |df= }}