Invazivne vrste — разлика између измена

'''Invazivne vrste''' ili ''invazijske vrste'' su one vrste živih organizama koje dospevanjem u neko drugo stanište usled nedostatka prirodnih neprijatelja počinju nekontrolisano da se razmnožavaju i zauzimaju raspoložive [[Еколошка ниша|ekološke niše]]. Invazivne vrste su nezavičajne [[vrsta|vrste]] koje prirodno ne nastanjuju određene [[ekosistem]]e ili područja, nego su u njih dospele namernim ili nehotičnim unošenjem. Unošenje ili širenje strane vrste može negativno uticati na [[bioraznolikost|biološku raznolikost]], zdravlje ljudi ili pričinjavati ekonomske štete na području na koje su unesene. Postoje i one koje u novim [[ekološka niša|ekološkim nišama]] predstavljaju kompetitore i/ili [[predator]]e [[autohtonost (biologija)|autohtonih]] vrsta.<ref>Sofradžija A., Šoljan D., Hadžiselimović R. (1996): Biologija 1, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, ISBN 978-9958-10-686-6.</ref><ref>Odum E. P., Barrett G. W. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology. Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-534-42066-6.</ref><ref>Mučibabić S. (1960): Osnovi ekologije. Univerzitetu Sarajevu, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Škrijelj R., Đug S. (2009): Uvod u ekologiju životinja.Prirodno-matematički fakultet Sarajevo, Sarajevo, ISBN 978 -9958-592-03-4.</ref><ref>Exotic Pest Plant Council.[http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/pdf/Inventory1999.pdf Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California]' accessed 4/10/2010.</ref><ref>http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/whatis.shtml National Invasive Species Information Center - What is an Invasive Species?]. United States Department of Agriculture: National Agriculture Library.</ref>

* Prior successful invasions<ref name="ewell">{{cite journal |last=Ewell |first= J.J. |author2=D.J. O’Dowd |author3=J. Bergelson |author4=C.C. Daehler |author5=C.M. D’Antonio |author6=L.D. Gomez |author7=D.R. Gordon |author8=R.J. Hobbs |author9=A. Holt |author10=K.R. Hopper |author11=C.E. Hughes |author12=M. LaHart |author13=R.R.B. Leakey |author14=W.G. Wong |author15=L.L. Loope |author16=D.H. Lorence |author17=S.M. Louda |author18=A.E. Lugo |author19=P.B. McEvoy |author20=D.M. Richardson |author21= P.M. Vitousek |year=1999 |title=Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs - Benefits can be reaped, but risks are high |journal=BioScience |volume=49 |pages=619–630 |doi=10.2307/1313438 |jstor=1313438 |issue=8 | pages = 619–630 }}</ref><ref name="tilm">{{cite journal |last= Tilman|first=D. |year=2004

| title = Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: A stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=101 |pages=10854–10861 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0403458101 | pmid = 15243158 |issue= 30 |pmc= 503710| pages = 10854–10861 }}</ref> Pri niskim gustinama populacije, može biti teško ostvariti reprodukciju i održavanja unesene vrste na novoj lokaciji, tako da je obično mogla biti donošena nekoliko puta, pre nego što postane ukorenjena. Ponovljeni obrasci ljudskog kretanja, kao što su brodovi koji plove do i od luke ili ponovljene automobilske vožnje dalje i iznad autocesta povećavaju mogućnosti za unošenje invazijskih vrsta (takođe poznat kao visoki [[propagacijski pritisak]]).<ref name="verl">{{cite journal |last= Verling|first=E. |author2=G.M. Ruiz |author3=L.D. Smith |author4=B. Galil |author5=A.W. Miller |author6=K.R. Murphy |year=2005 |title=Supply-side invasion ecology: characterizing propagule pressure in coastal ecosystems |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume= 272 |pages=1249–1256 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3090 |pmid= 16024389 |issue= 1569 |pmc= 1564104| pages = 1249–1256 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1last = USA | year = 1999 | title = Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999: Invasive Species | url = | journal = Federal Register | volume = 64 | issue = 25| pages = 6183–6186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/1_EN_resume_impact_assesment_part1_v3.pdf |title=Communication From The Commission To The Council, The European Parliament, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Towards An EU Strategy On InvasFpollive Species |format=PDF |accessdate=17. 5. 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/pdf/Inventory1999.pdf Exotic Pest Plant Council]. p. 1. accessed 4/10/2010.</ref>

Procenjuje se da šteta koju nanose invazijske vrste, u 27 zemalja članica [[EU]]-a iznose između 9,6 i 12 milijardi [[evro|evra]]. Smatra se da je danas kontrola takvih vrsta i smanjivanje njihovog uticaja na domorodačke vrste i ukupne [[ekosistem]]e, jedan od najvećih izazova zaštite prirode u Evropi.<ref name="kolar">{{cite journal |last=Kolar |first=C.S. |author2=D.M. Lodge |year=2001 |title=Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=199–204 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02101-2 |pmid=11245943| pages = 199–204 }}</ref><ref name="kolar" /><ref name="theb">{{cite journal |last=Thebaud |first=C. |author2=A.C. Finzi |author3=L. Affre |author4=M. Debussche |author5=J. Escarre |year=1996 |title=Assessing why two introduced Conyza differ in their ability to invade Mediterranean old fields |journal=Ecology |volume=77 |issue=3|pages=791–804 |doi=10.2307/2265502 |jstor=2265502 | pages = 791–804 }}</ref><ref name="reichard">{{cite journal |last=Reichard |first= S.H.|author2=C. W. Hamilton |year=1997 |title=Predicting invasions of woody plants introduced into North America |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=11 |issue=1|pages=193–203 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95473.x| pages = 193–203 }}</ref>

== LiteraturaРеференце ==

{{reflist|30em}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Derickx |first=Lisa |author2=Pedro M. Antunes |title=A guide to the identification and control of exotic invasive species in Ontario's hardwood forests |publisher=Invasive Species Research Institute - Algoma University |isbn=978-0-9291-0021-0 |page=294 |year=2013}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Baskin |first=Yvonne |title=A Plague of Rats and Rubbervines: The Growing Threat Of Species Invasions |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-55963-051-1 |page=377 |year=2003}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Burdick |first=Alan |title=Out of Eden: An Odyssey of Ecological Invasion |origyear=2005 |publisher=Farrar Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53043-3 |page=336 |year=2006}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Davis |first=Mark A. |title=Invasion Biology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921876-9 |page=243 |year=2009}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Elton |first=Charles S. |title= The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-20638-7 |page=196 |origyear=First published 1958 |year=2000}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Lockwood |first=Julie | last2 = Hoopes | first2 = Martha | last3 = Marchetti | first3 = Michael |title=Invasion Ecology |origyear= 2006 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-4051-1418-9 |page=304 |year=2007}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=McNeeley |first=Jeffrey A. |title=The Great Reshuffling: Human Dimensions Of Invasive Alien Species |publisher=World Conservation Union (IUCN) |isbn=978-2-8317-0602-3 |page=109 |year=2001}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Terrill |first= Ceiridwen |title=Unnatural Landscapes: Tracking Invasive Species |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2523-2 |page=240 |year=2007}}

* {{citeCite book | ref = harv | last=Van Driesche |first=Jason |author2=Roy Van Driesche |title=Nature Out of Place: Biological Invasions In The Global Age |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-55963-758-9 |page=377 |year=2004}}

* {{cite journal |title=EDITORIAL: Synthesizing ecology and evolution for the study of invasive species |journal=Evolutionary Applications |issn=1752-4571 |oclc=769072511 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00123.x |pmid = 25567910|pmc=3352476 |date=26. 2. 2010 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=96 |first1first=Kristina A. |last1last=Schierenbeck |first2=Carol Eunmi |last2= Lee |first3=Robert D. |last3=Holt }}