Вест — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
* Реч вест је словенског порекла тако да је непотребно наводити све ове језике |
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{{Other uses2|Вест}}
{{Dablink|„Вести“ и „Вијести” преусмерава овде. За друге употребе, погледајте [[Вести (вишезначна одредница)]] и [[Вијести (Подгорица)]].}}
{{Journalism sidebar}}
'''Вест''' ({{Ијек|вијест}}), најкраћи је, најједноставнији и најпопуларнији облик писане или говорне и визуелне информације о неком догађају, појави, друштвеном понашању или некој личности. Преувеличана или лажна вест у медијима назива се „[[новинска патка]]“.
Вест је главни жанр новинарског обликовања новости; отуда и назив многих дневних листова и информативних емисија. Сама реч ''вест'' потиче из језика [[Стари Словени|старих Словена]] када је значила – „знање“. Под утицајем [[Словени|Словена]] пруска реч ''-{weist}-'' значи исто што и пољски облик ''-{wiešć}-''. Тиме се вест дефинише као знање; ново – а постаје и комуниколошка дефиниција да је [[информација]] свако ново сазнање. Трећи српски лист штампан у [[Беч]]у 1792. имао је име „Славено-сербскија вједомости“.
== Значење ==
{{rut}}
=== Етимологија ===
The [[English language|English]] word "news" developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of "new". In [[Middle English]], the equivalent word was ''newes'', like the French ''[[wikt:nouvelles|nouvelles]]'' and the German ''Neues''. Similar developments are found in the [[Slavic languages]] the [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] ''[[wikt:noviny|noviny]]'' (from ''[[wikt:nový|nový]]'', "new"), the [[cognate]] [[Polish language|Polish]] ''nowiny'', the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] ''novini'', and [[Russian language|Russian]] ''novosti'' – and in the [[Celtic languages]]: the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''newyddion'' (from ''newydd'') and the [[Cornish language|Cornish]] ''nowodhow'' (from ''nowydh'').<ref name=OED>"News", ''Oxford English Dictionary'', accessed online, 5 March 2015. "Etymology: Spec. use of plural of new n., after Middle French ''nouvelles'' (see novel n.), or classical Latin ''nova'' new things, in post-classical Latin also news (from late 13th cent. in British sources), use as noun of neuter plural of ''novus'' new (compare classical Latin ''rēs nova'' (feminine singular) a new development, a fresh turn of events). Compare later {{smallcaps|novel n.}}"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=news|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref>
[[Jessica Garretson Finch]] is credited with coining the phrase "current events" while teaching at [[Barnard College]] in the 1890s.<ref name=obituary>{{cite news|title=Mrs. John Cosgrave Is Dead Founded Finch Junior College: Was Institution's President Nearly 50 Years; Coined 'Current Events' Phrase|publisher=New York Herald Tribune|date=1 November 1949}}</ref>
=== Новост ===
As its name implies, "news" typically connotes the presentation of new information.<ref name=Stephens13>Stephens, ''History of News'' (1988), p. 13.</ref><ref name=Smith7>Smith,''The Newspaper: An International History'' (1979), p. 7. "In the information which [the newspaper] chose to supply, and in the many sources of information which it took over and reorganized, it contained a bias towards recency or newness; to its readers, it offered regularity of publication. It had to be filled with whatever was available, unable to wait until information of greater clarity or certainty or of wider perspective had accumulated."</ref> The newness of news gives it an uncertain quality which distinguishes it from the more careful investigations of history or other scholarly disciplines.<ref name=Smith7 /><ref>Salmon, ''The Newspaper and the Historian'' (1923), p. 10. Salmon quotes [[Théophraste Renaudot]]: "History is the record of things accomplished. A ''Gazette'' is the reflection of feelings and rumors of the time which may or may not be true."</ref><ref name=Pettegree3>Pettegree, ''The Invention of News'' (2014), p. 3. "Even as news became more plentiful in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the problem of establishing the veracity of news reports remained acute. The news market—and by the sixteenth century it was a real market—was humming with conflicting reports, some incredible, some all too plausible: lives, fortunes, even the fate of kingdoms could depend upon acting on the right information."</ref> Whereas historians tend to view events as causally related manifestations of underlying processes, news stories tend to describe events in isolation, and to exclude discussion of the relationships between them.<ref name=Park675>Park, "News as a Form of Knowledge" (1940), pp. 675–676. "News is not history because, for one thing among others, it deals, on the whole, with isolated events and does not seek to relate them to one another either in the form of causal or in the form of teleological sequences."</ref> News conspicuously describes the world in the present or immediate past, even when the most important aspects of a news story have occurred long in the past—or are expected to occur in the future. To make the news, an ongoing process must have some "peg", an event in time which anchors it to the present moment.<ref name=Park675 /><ref>Schudson, "When? Deadlines, Datelines, and History"; in ''Reading The News'' (1986), ed. Manoff & Schudson; pp. 81–82.</ref> Relatedly, news often addresses aspects of reality which seem unusual, deviant, or out of the ordinary.<ref>Shoemaker & Cohen, ''News Around the World'' (2006), pp. 13–14.</ref> Hence the famous dictum that "Dog Bites Man" is not news, but "Man Bites Dog" is.<ref>Park, "News as a Form of Knowledge" (1940), p. 678.</ref>
Another corollary of the newness of news is that, as new technology enables new media to disseminate news more quickly, 'slower' forms of communication may move away from 'news' towards 'analysis'.<ref>Stephens, ''History of News'' (1988), p. 56. "It is axiomatic in journalism that the fastest medium with the largest potential audience will disseminate the bulk of a community's breaking news. Today that race is being won by television and radio. Consequently, daily newspapers are beginning to underplay breaking news about yesterday's events (already old news to much of their audience) in favor of more analytical perspectives on those events. In other words, dailies are now moving in the direction toward which weeklies retreated when dailies were introduced."</ref>
=== Роба ===
According to some theories, "news" is whatever the news industry sells.<ref>Heyd, ''Reading newspapers'' (2012), pp. 35, 82. "... newspapers were defining what news was, categorizing and expanding their domain on the fly. Indeed, Somerville argues that 'news' is not an objective 'historical' concept but one that is defined by the news industry as it creates a commodity sold by publishers to the public."</ref> Journalism, broadly understood along the same lines, is the act or occupation of collecting and providing news.<ref>Stephens, ''History of News'' (1988), p. 3. "The term ''journalism'' is used broadly here and elsewhere in the book to refer to more than just the production of printed 'journals'; it is the most succinct term we have for the activity of gathering and disseminating news."</ref><ref>Shoemaker & Cohen, ''News Around the World'' (2006), p. 7. "[...] for the journalist the assessment of newsworthiness is an operationalization based on the aforementioned conditions. In other words, the practitioner typically constructs a method for fulfilling the daily job requirements. He or she rarely has an underlying theoretical understanding of what defining something or someone as ''newsworthy'' entails. To be sure, individual journalists may engage in more abstract musings about their work, but the profession as a whole is content to apply these conditions and does not care that the theory behind the application is not widely understood. Hall (1981, 147) calls news a 'slippery' concept, with journalists defining newsworthiness as those things that get into the news media."</ref> From a commercial perspective, news is simply one input, along with paper (or an electronic server) necessary to prepare a final product for distribution.<ref>Pettegree, ''The Invention of News'' (2014), p. 6. "News fitted ideally into the expanding market for cheap print, and it swiftly became an important commodity."</ref> A news agency supplies this resource "wholesale" and publishers enhance it for retail.<ref name=Globalization6>Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, ''The Globalization of News'' (1998), p. 6. "News agency news is considered 'wholesale' resource material, something that has to be worked upon, smelted, reconfigured, for conversion into a news report that is suitable for consumption by ordinary readers. It has also suited the news agencies to be thus presented: they have needed to seem credible to extensive networks of 'retail' clients of many different political and cultural shades and hues. They have wanted to avoid controversy, to maintain an image of plain, almost dull, but completely dependable professionalism."</ref><ref name=MacGregor>Phil MacGregor, "International News Agencies: Global eyes that never blink", in Fowler-Watt & Allan (eds.), ''Journalism'' (2013).</ref>
== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Allan, Stuart, ''News Culture''. (2nd ed. McGraw Hill Open University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-335-21074-0}})
* Ayalon, Ami. ''The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History''. (Oxford UP, 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-508780-1}})
* Bakker, Gerben. "[http://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/bakker_gomory.pdf Trading Facts: Arrow's Fundamental Paradox and the Origins of Global News Networks]". In: ''International Communication and Global News Networks: Historical Perspectives''. (Hampton Press, 2011).
* Berkowitz, Dan (ed.) ''Social Meanings of News: A Text Reader''. (SAGE, 1997. {{ISBN|0-7619-0075-6}})
* Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, and Tehri Rantanen (eds.). ''The Globalization of News''. (SAGE, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7619-5386-8}}).
* Chakravartty, Paula, and Katharine Sarikakis. ''Media Policy and Globalization''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. {{ISBN|1-4039-7738-0}}
* Cloud, Barbara. ''The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won''. (Northwestern UP, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8101-2508-7}})
* Cranfield, G.A. ''The Press and Society: From Caxton to Northcliffe''. London: Longman, 1978. {{ISBN|0-582-48983-0}}
* Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. ''Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History''. Harvard University Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-674-55955-X}}
* Distelrath, Günther. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101859/http://camel.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10502/895 The Development of the Information and Communication Systems in Germany and Japan up to the End of the Nineteenth Century]." ''Senri Ethnological Studies'' 52, March 2000.
* Fang, Irving. ''A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions''. Boston: Focal Press (Butterworth-Heineman), 1997. {{ISBN|0-240-80254-3}}
* Fosu, Modestus. "[http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7167/ The Press and Political Participation: Newspapers and the Politics of Linguistic Exclusion and Inclusion in Ghana]". Dissertation accepted at University of Leeds Institute of Communication Studies, June 2004.
* Fowler-Watt, Karen, and Stuart Allan. ''Journalism: New Challenges'' v. 1.02. Centre for Journalism & Communications, Bournemouth University, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-910042-00-7}}
* Geniets, Anne. ''The Global News Challenge: Market Strategies of International Broadcasting Organizations in Developing Countries''. New York: Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-415-64066-4}}
* Hachten, William A, with Harva Hachten. ''The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communication''. Fourth edition. Iowa State University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8138-1571-1}}
* Heyd, Uriel. ''Reading newspapers: press and public in eighteenth-century Britain and America.'' Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-7294-1042-7}}
* Hills, Jill. ''The Struggle for Control of Global Communication: The Formative Century''. University of Illinois Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-252-02757-4}}
* John, Richard R., and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds. ''Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet'' (2015).
* Kallioinen, Mika."Information, communication technology, and business in the nineteenth century: The case of a Finnish merchant house". ''Scandinavian Economic History Review'' 52.1, 2004.
* Kessler, Karlhenz. "[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/downloads/kessler_assyria1995_1997.pdf 'Royal Roads' and Other Questions of the Neo-Assyrian Communication System]". Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project: Helsinki, 7–11 September 1995.
* Lampe, Markus, and Florian Ploeckl. "Spanning the Globe: The Rise of Global Communications Systems and First Globalization". ''Australian Economic History Review'' 54.3, November 2014.
* Lim, Hyunyang Kim. "[http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/3694 'Take Writing': News, Information, And Documentary Culture in Late Medieval England]". Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland, 2006.
* Manoff, Robert Karl, and Michael Schudson (eds.). ''Reading The News: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture''. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-394-54362-9}}
* McCusker, J.J., & C. Gravesteijn. ''The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe''. Amsterdam: Neha, 1991. {{ISBN|90-71617-27-0}}
* McNair, Brian. ''Cultural Chaos: Journalism, news and power in a globalised world''. New York: Routledge (Informa), 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-415-33913-1}}
* Milner, Stephen J. "'Fanno bandire, notificare, et expressamente comandare': Town Criers and the Information Economy of Renaissance Florence." ''I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance'' 16.1/2, Fall 2013.
* Mohammadi, Ali (ed.). ''International Communication and Globalization: A Critical Introduction''. London: SAGE, 1997. {{ISBN|0-7619-5553-4}}
* Neiger, Motti, Oren Myers, and Eyal Zandberg. ''On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age''. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-230-27568-3}}
* [[Michael Parenti|Parenti, Michael]]. ''Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-312-08629-6}}
* [[Robert E. Park|Park, Robert E.]] "News as a Form of Knowledge: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge", ''American Journal of Sociology'' 45.5, March 1940.
* Parsons, Wayne. ''The Power of the Financial Press: Journalism and economic opinion in Britain and America. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85278-039-8}}
* Perse, Elizabeth M. ''Media Effects And Society''. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbau Associates, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8058-2505-3}}
* Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-300-17908-8}}
* Rampton, Sheldon, and John Stauber. ''Trust Us, We're Experts: How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future''. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2001. {{ISBN|1-58542-059-X}}
* [[Lucy Maynard Salmon|Salmon, Lucy Maynard]]. ''The Newspaper and the Historian''. New York: Oxford University Press (American Branch), 1923.
* [[Michael Schudson|Schudson, Michael]]. ''Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers''. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1978. {{ISBN|0-465-01669-3}}
* Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Akiba A. Cohen (eds.). ''News Around the World: Content, Practitioners, and the Public.'' New York, Routledge, 2006. {{ISBN|0-415-97505-0}}
* Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan. ''The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947'' (2014)
* Silverblatt, Art, and Nikolai Zlobin. ''International Communications: A Media Literacy Approach''. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2004. {{ISBN|0-7656-0974-6}}
* Smith, Anthony. ''The Newspaper: An International History''. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979. {{ISBN missing}}
* Starr, Paul. ''The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communication''. New York: Basic Books, 2004. {{ISBN|0-465-08193-2}}
* Stephens, Mitchell. ''A History of News: From the Drum to the Satellite''. New York: Viking, 1988. {{ISBN|0-670-81378-8}}
* Straubhaar, Joseph, and Robert LaRose. ''Communications Media in the Information Society''. Updated edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company (Thompson), 1997. {{ISBN|0-534-52128-2}}
* Wenzlhuemer, Roland. ''Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization''. Cambridge University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-107-02528-8}}
* Wolfe, Thomas C. ''Governing Soviet Journalism: The Press and the Socialist Person After Stalin''. Indiana University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-253-34589-8}}
* Wood, James. ''History of International Broadcasting''. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1992. {{ISBN|0-86341-281-5}}
* Zhang, Xiantao. ''The Origins of the Modern Chinese Press: The influence of the Protestant missionary press in late Qing China.'' Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|0-415-38066-9}}
* Zhong, Bu. "[http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/3516 Searching for Meaning: Multi-Level Cognitive Processing of News Decision Making Among U.S. and Chinese Journalists]". Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category-lat|News}}
* {{curlie|News/By_Region|News media by country}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Новинарство]]
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