Zoniranje — разлика између измена
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Zoniranje je metoda urbanističkog planiranja in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into areas called zones, within which certain land uses are permitted or prohibited. [1] Zones may be defined for a single use (e.g. residential, industrial), or may combine several compatible uses.
Planning rules may be defined differently for each zone, determining whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of lots that land may be subdivided into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development.[2][3]
Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries.[4][5][6] Exceptions include the United Kingdom and the City of Houston.[7]
Opseg
The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is also used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the "character" of a community.
Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the densities at which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings), the height of buildings, the amount of space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot (setbacks), the proportions of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic lanes, and whether or not parking is provided.
Reference
- ^ Lamar, Anika (1. 12. 2015). „Zoning as Taxidermy: Neighborhood Conservation Districts and the Regulation of Aesthetics”. Indiana Law Journal.
- ^ Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. National Academy of Sciences. 2009.
- ^ Hodge, Gerald (2014). Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Thomson. стр. 388—390. ISBN 978-0-17-650982-8.
- ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. стр. 784. ISBN 978-0415862875.
- ^ E.g., Lefcoe, George, "The Regulation of Superstores: The Legality of Zoning Ordinances Emerging from the Skirmishes between Wal-Mart and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union" (April 2005). USC Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-12; and USC Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-12. Available at SSRN 712801
- ^ Шаблон:In lang BMVBS - Startseite. Bmvbs.de. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
- ^ „Houston Doesn't have zoning, but there are workarounds”. Rice Kinder Institute for Urban Research. 2020.
Literatura
- Taylor, George Town Planning for Australia (Studies in International Planning History), Routledge, 2018, ISBN 978-1138372580.
- Gurran, N., Gallent, N. and Chiu, R.L.H. Politics, Planning and Housing Supply in Australia, England and Hong Kong (Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design), Routledge, 2016.
- Bassett, E.M. The master plan, with a discussion of the theory of community land planning legislation. New York: Russell Sage foundation, 1938.
- Bassett, E. M. Zoning. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1940
- Hirt, Sonia. Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation (Cornell University Press, 2014) 245 pp. online review
- Stephani, Carl J. and Marilyn C. ZONING 101, originally published in 1993 by the National League of Cities, now available in a Third Edition, 2012.
- Dougherty, Conor, Golden gates : fighting for housing in America, ISBN 978-0-593-16532-4, OCLC 1161988433, Приступљено 2020-08-03
- Einstein, Katherine Levine. Neighborhood defenders : participatory politics and America's housing crisis. ISBN 978-1-108-76949-5. OCLC 1135562802.
- Trounstine, Jessica (2020). „The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation”. American Political Science Review (на језику: енглески). 114 (2): 443—455. ISSN 0003-0554. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000844 .
- Manville, Michael; Monkkonen, Paavo; Lens, Michael (2020-01-02). „It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning”. Journal of the American Planning Association. 86 (1): 106—112. ISSN 0194-4363. doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1651216 .
- Weiss, Marc A. (1987). The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning. New York: Columbia University Press. стр. 80—86. ISBN 0-231-06505-1.
- Cheryl Caldwell Ferguson (2014). Highland Park and River Oaks: The Origins of Garden Suburban Community Planning in Texas. Austin: University of Texas University Press. стр. 10—13. ISBN 978-0292748361.
- Erickson, Amanda (24. 8. 2012). „A Brief History of the Birth of Urban Planning”. The Atlantic Cities. Atlantic Media Company. Приступљено 20. 11. 2017.
- Rice, Roger L. (1968). „Residential Segregation by Law, 1910–1917”. Journal of Southern History. 34 (2): 179—199. JSTOR 2204656. doi:10.2307/2204656.
- Rothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liveright Publishing Company. стр. 44—48. ISBN 9781631492853.
Spoljašnje veze
- ZoningPoint – A searchable database of zoning maps and zoning codes for every county and municipality in the United States.
- Crenex – Zoning Maps – Links to zoning maps and planning commissions of 50 most populous cities in the US.
- New York City Department of City Planning – Zoning History
- Schindler's Land Use Page (Michigan State University Extension Land Use Team)
- Zoning Compliance and Zoning Certification - Analysis and Reporting
- Land Policy Institute at Michigan State University
- By Bradley C. Karkkainen (1994). Zoning: A Reply To The Critics, Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law
- Trounstine, Jessica (2018). „Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities”. Cambridge University Press (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-06-16.