Исфахан — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
Нема описа измене |
. |
||
Ред 1:
{{Short description|Град у провинцији Исфахан, Иран }}{{рут}}
{{Град у Ирану
| назив = Исфахан
Линија 4 ⟶ 5:
| слика = Esfahan-shah-sq.jpg
| опис_слике = Трг Нахш-е Џахан
{{Photomontage
| photo1a = Naghshejahan.jpg
| photo2a = The_Allahverdi_Khan_Bridge_in_night.jpg
| photo2b = Khaju_-_Bridge.jpg
| photo3a = Flowers_garden_Isfahan_Aarash_(21).jpg
| photo3b = کاخ_چهلستون۱_02.jpg
| photo4a = Shah_Mosque_Isfahan_Aarash_(257).jpg
| photo4b = Hasht Behesht 007.jpg
| photo5a =
| spacing = 2
| size = 280
| foot_montage = Top-bottom, R-L:{{br}} [[Naqsh-e Jahan Square]] View from Keisaria gate, [[Khaju Bridge]], [[Si-o-se-pol]], [[Chehel Sotoun]], [[Flower Garden of Isfahan]], [[Hasht Behesht]], [[Shah Mosque (Isfahan)|Shah Mousqe]]
}}
| градска_застава =
| грб = Isfahan government logo.svg
| покрајина = [[покрајина Исфахан|Исфахан]]
| оснивање =
| град_од =
| површина = 493.82 <!-- engleski nacin zapisivanja -->
| становништво =
| извор_становништво = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english |title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708015822/https://www.amar.org.ir/english/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=citypopulation.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |date=2018-09-13}}</ref>
| година_становништво =
| густина =
| агломерација =
Линија 24 ⟶ 39:
| регистарска_ознака =
| градоначелник =
| веб-страна = [https://isfahan.ir/ isfahan.ir]
}}
'''Исфахан''' или '''Есфахан''' ({{јез-фар|اصفهان}}) је град [[Иран]]у у покрајини [[покрајина Исфахан|Исфахан]]. После [[Техеран]]а је највећи град у Ирану. Према попису из 2006. у граду је живело 1.602.110 становника. Познат је по бројним грађевинама из ранијих векова, нарочито Чехел сотун палати и мосту. Овековечен је и на наличју нове новчанице од 20.000,00 иранских [[ирански ријал|ријала]].
Esfahan has a population of approximately 2.0 million,<ref>{{URL | 1=worldpopulationreview.com/countries/iran-population/cities | 2="Population of Cities in Iran (2018)." The population of the greater metropolitan area is 5.1 million (2016 Census). }}</ref> making it the third-largest city in Iran after Tehran and [[Mashhad]], but was once one of the largest cities in the world.
Esfahan is an important city as it is located at the intersection of the two principal north–south and east–west routes that traverse Iran. Isfahan flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries under the [[Safavids|Safavid]] dynasty when it became the capital of [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] for the second time in its history under Shah [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas the Great]]. Even today the city retains much of its past glory.
It is famous for its Perso–Islamic architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques and minarets. Esfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the Persian proverb "''Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast''": Isfahan is half (of) the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Isfahan Is Half The World |url=//www.nytimes.com/1975/11/02/archives/isfahan-is-half-the-world-isfahan-is-half-the-world.html |website=New York Times |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723124239/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/02/archives/isfahan-is-half-the-world-isfahan-is-half-the-world.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Географија ==
Град лежи у зеленој долини [[Зајанде-Руд]], у подножју планинског масива [[Загрос]]. Исфахан ужива умерену климу и редовите смене годишњих доба уз угодне северне ветрове током целе године. Јужни и западни прилази Исфахану су планински, а са севера и истока је окружен плодним долинама.
=== Хидрографија ===
There is an artificial network of canals whose components are called Madi which were built during the rule of Safavid dynasty for water channeling from "Zaayaandeh Roud" river into different parts of the city. Designed by Sheikh Bahaï, an engineer of Shah Abbas, this network has 77 madis on the northern part, and 71 on the southern part of Zayandeh Roud. In 1993, this centuries-old network provided 91% of agricultural water needs, 4% of industrial needs, and 5% of city needs.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=A. Karimi |author2= M. R. Delavar|title=MONITORING THE DEVASTATION OF ISFAHAN ARTIFICIAL WATER CHANNELS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fisprs-wgii-1.casm.ac.cn%2Fsource%2FMONITORING%2520THE%2520DEVASTATION%2520OF%2520ISFAHAN%2520ARTIFICIAL%2520WATER%2520CHANNELS%2520USING%2520REMOTE%2520SENSING%2520AND%2520GIS.pdf|journal=The International Symposium on Spatio-Temporal Modeling ,2005|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030062817/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2.php/MONITORING%20THE%20DEVASTATION%20OF%20ISFAHAN%20ARTIFICIAL%20WATER%20CHANNELS%20USING%20REMOTE%20SENSING%20AND%20GIS.pdf?url=http%3A%2F%2Fisprs-wgii-1.casm.ac.cn%2Fsource%2FMONITORING%252520THE%252520DEVASTATION%252520OF%252520ISFAHAN%252520ARTIFICIAL%252520WATER%252520CHANNELS%252520USING%252520REMOTE%252520SENSING%252520AND%252520GIS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
70 emergency wells were dug in 2018 to avoid water shortages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=حفر و تجهیز 70 حلقه چاه جدید برای جبران کمبود آب آشامیدنی اصفهان|url=http://kayhan.ir/fa/news/134810/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2-70-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D8%A8-%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86|access-date=2020-12-15|website=kayhan.ir|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215122743/http://kayhan.ir/fa/news/134810/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2-70-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D8%A8-%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=اصفهان{{!}} خشکسالی پیدرپی در اصفهان چاههای فلمن را هم خشک کرد- اخبار استانها تسنیم - Tasnim|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1397/02/03/1707714/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF/amp|access-date=2020-12-15|website=خبرگزاری تسنیم - Tasnim|language=fa|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215122726/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1397/02/03/1707714/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Isfahan's Organic and Planned Form of Urban. Greenways in Safavid Period|url=https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JE/1036020161902.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215122658/https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JE/1036020161902.pdf|archive-date=2020-12-15|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.sid.ir}}</ref>
=== Клима ===
Situated at {{convert|1590|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] on the eastern side of the Zagros Mountains, Isfahan has an [[Desert climate|cold desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWk''). No geological obstacles exist within {{convert|90|km|0|abbr=off}} north of Isfahan, allowing cool winds to blow from this direction. Despite its altitude, Isfahan remains hot during the summer, with maxima typically around 35 °C (95 °F). However, with low humidity and moderate temperatures at night, the climate is quite pleasant. During the winter, days are cool while nights can be very cold. Snow falls an average of 7.8 days each winter.<ref name=weather-atlas>{{cite web |title=Isfahan, Iran - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iran/isfahan-climate |website=Weather Atlas |publisher=Yu Media Group |access-date=5 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205041413/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iran/isfahan-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Zayande River]] starts in the Zagros Mountains, flowing from the west through the heart of the city, then dissipates in the [[Gavkhouni]] [[wetland]]. Planting olive trees in the city is economically viable because it is compatible with water shortage.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=کاشت درخت زیتون در اصفهان صرفه اقتصادی دارد|url=https://www.imna.ir/news/355141/کاشت-درخت-زیتون-در-اصفهان-صرفه-اقتصادی-دارد|access-date=2020-10-27|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210071645/http://www.imna.ir/news/355141/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Исфахана (1961–1990, екстреми 1951–2010)
|width=auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 20.4
| Feb record high C = 23.4
| Mar record high C = 29.0
| Apr record high C = 32.0
| May record high C = 37.6
| Jun record high C = 41.0
| Jul record high C = 43.0
| Aug record high C = 42.0
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 33.2
| Nov record high C = 26.8
| Dec record high C = 21.2
|year record high C = 43.0
| Jan high C = 8.8
| Feb high C = 11.9
| Mar high C = 16.8
| Apr high C = 22.0
| May high C = 28.0
| Jun high C = 34.1
| Jul high C = 36.4
| Aug high C = 35.1
| Sep high C = 31.2
| Oct high C = 24.4
| Nov high C = 16.9
| Dec high C = 10.8
|year high C = 23.0
| Jan mean C = 2.7
| Feb mean C = 5.5
| Mar mean C = 10.4
| Apr mean C = 15.7
| May mean C = 21.3
| Jun mean C = 27.1
| Jul mean C = 29.4
| Aug mean C = 27.9
| Sep mean C = 23.5
| Oct mean C = 16.9
| Nov mean C = 9.9
| Dec mean C = 4.4
|year mean C = 16.2
| Jan low C = −2.4
| Feb low C = −0.2
| Mar low C = 4.5
| Apr low C = 9.4
| May low C = 14.2
| Jun low C = 19.1
| Jul low C = 21.5
| Aug low C = 19.8
| Sep low C = 15.1
| Oct low C = 9.3
| Nov low C = 3.6
| Dec low C = −0.9
|year low C = 9.4
| Jan record low C = −19.4
| Feb record low C = −12.2
| Mar record low C = −8.0
| Apr record low C = −4.0
| May record low C = 4.5
| Jun record low C = 10.0
| Jul record low C = 13.0
| Aug record low C = 11.0
| Sep record low C = 5.0
| Oct record low C = 0.0
| Nov record low C = −8.0
| Dec record low C = −13.0
|year record low C = -19.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 17.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 14.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 18.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 19.2
| May precipitation mm = 8.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 4.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 9.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 19.6
|year precipitation mm = 112.5
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 4.0
| Feb precipitation days = 2.9
| Mar precipitation days = 3.8
| Apr precipitation days = 3.5
| May precipitation days = 2.0
| Jun precipitation days = 0.2
| Jul precipitation days = 0.3
| Aug precipitation days = 0.1
| Sep precipitation days = 0.0
| Oct precipitation days = 0.8
| Nov precipitation days = 2.2
| Dec precipitation days = 3.7
|year precipitation days = 23.5
| Jan snow days = 3.2
| Feb snow days = 1.7
| Mar snow days = 0.7
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.2
| Dec snow days = 1.9
|year snow days = 7.8
| Jan humidity = 60
| Feb humidity = 51
| Mar humidity = 43
| Apr humidity = 39
| May humidity = 33
| Jun humidity = 23
| Jul humidity = 23
| Aug humidity = 24
| Sep humidity = 26
| Oct humidity = 36
| Nov humidity = 48
| Dec humidity = 57
|year humidity = 39
| Jan sun = 205.3
| Feb sun = 213.3
| Mar sun = 242.1
| Apr sun = 244.5
| May sun = 301.3
| Jun sun = 345.4
| Jul sun = 347.6
| Aug sun = 331.2
| Sep sun = 311.6
| Oct sun = 276.5
| Nov sun = 226.1
| Dec sun = 207.6
|year sun = 3252.5
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IR/40800.TXT
| title = Esfahan Climate Normals 1961-1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 8 April 2015
| archive-date = 22 September 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200922164650/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IR/40800.TXT
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records)<ref name= recordhighs>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/7.asp
| title = Highest record temperature in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 8 April 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025010952/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/7.asp
| archive-date = 25 October 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name= recordlows>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/6.asp
| title = Lowest record temperature in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 8 April 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102438/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/6.asp
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| date = November 2011
}}
== Историја ==
Линија 59 ⟶ 254:
== Партнерски градови ==
Исфахан има партнерске односе са:<ref>{{cite web|title=شهرهای خواهر|url=https://new.isfahan.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=52&tempname=tem93&PageID=4020|website=isfahan.ir|publisher=Isfahan|language=fa|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618113813/https://new.isfahan.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=52&tempname=tem93&PageID=4020|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* {{зас|Либан}} [[Баалбек]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=392389 |title=Isfahan, Beirut named sister cities |accessdate = 02. 05. 2007. |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth = |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=MNA |pages= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>
* {{зас|Шпанија}} [[Барселона]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Àsia-Pacífic|url=https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/relacionsinternacionalsicooperacio/ca/asia-pacific|publisher=Barcelona|language=ca|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619124300/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/relacionsinternacionalsicooperacio/ca/asia-pacific|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{зас|Непал}} [[Катманду]]
* {{зас|Египат}} [[Каиро]]
* {{зас|Сенегал}} [[Дакар]]
* {{зас|Италија}} [[Фиренца]]
* {{зас|Швајцарска}} [[Фрајбург]]
* {{зас|Куба}} [[Хавана]]
* {{зас|Индија}} [[Хајдерабад (Индија)|Хајдерабад]]
* {{зас|Румунија}} [[Јаши]]
* {{зас|Турска}} [[Истанбул]]<ref name="Istanbul1">{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate = 01. 07. 2009.}}</ref><ref name="Istanbul2">{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date = 01. 07. 2009.|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate = 26. 07. 2009.}}</ref>
* {{зас|Малезија}} [[Куала Лумпур]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2005|url=http://www.council.isfahan.ir/EStatic/WFESisterhood.aspx|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071219202932/http://www.council.isfahan.ir/EStatic/WFESisterhood.aspx|archivedate = 19. 12. 2007. |title=Sisterhoods|work=Isfahan Islamic Council|accessdate = 31. 12. 2007.}}</ref>
* {{зас|Кувајт}} [[Кувајт]]
* {{зас|Пакистан}} [[Лахор]]
* {{зас|Италија}} [[Венеција]]
* {{зас|Кина}} [[Си'ан]]
* {{зас|Јерменија}} [[Јереван]]]<ref name="Yerevan">{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality - Sister Cities|publisher= © 2005-2009 yerevan.am |accessdate = 22. 06. 2009.}}</ref>
* {{зас|Русија}} [[Санкт Петербург]]<ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate = 14. 07. 2008.}}</ref>
{{colend}}
== Види још ==
* [[Џамија Шејх Лутфулах]]
* [[Саборна џамија у Исфахану]]
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Matthee|first1=Rudi|title=Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan|date=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1845117450}}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Isfahan}}
* {{званични веб-сајт|http://www.isfahan.ir/}}
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20060804043651/http://esfahanmetro.org/ Isfahan Metro]}-
* -{[http://mooweex.com/isfahan-geometry-on-a-human-scale/ ''Isfahan Geometry on a Human Scale''] - a documentary film directed by Manouchehr Tayyab (30 min)}-
* -{[http://esup.isfahan.ir/ street view]}-
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Градови у Ирану]]
| |||