Referentni sistem — разлика између измена

Potreba da se razlikuju različita značenja „referentnog okvira“ dovela je do različitih pojmova. Na primer, ponekad je tip koordinatnog sistema priključen kao modifikator, kao u ''kartezijskom referentnom okviru''. Ponekad se naglašava stanje kretanja, kao u ''[[Rotating reference frame|rotirajućem referentnom okviru]]''. Ponekad je naglašen način na koji se transformiše u okvire koji se smatraju povezanima kao u ''[[Galilean frame of reference|Galilejevom referentnom okviru]]''. Ponekad se okviri razlikuju po obimu njihovih opservacija, kao u ''makroskopskim'' i ''mikroskopskim referentnim okvirima''.<ref name="macroscopic">The distinction between macroscopic and microscopic frames shows up, for example, in electromagnetism where [[Constitutive equation|constitutive relations]] of various time and length scales are used to determine the current and charge densities entering [[Maxwell's equations]]. See, for example, {{cite book |title=Electromagnetic and Optical Pulse Propagation 1: Spectral Representations in Temporally Dispersive Media |author=Kurt Edmund Oughstun |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=behRnNRiueAC&pg=PA165&dq=macroscopic+frame++electromagnetism|isbn=0-387-34599-X |year=2006 |publisher=Springer}}. These distinctions also appear in thermodynamics. See {{cite book |title=Classical Theory |author=Paul McEvoy |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj0wFIxn-PoC&pg=PA206&dq=macroscopic+frame#PPA205,M1 |isbn=1-930832-02-8 |year=2002 |publisher=MicroAnalytix}}.</ref>

* Koordinatni sistem je matematički koncept, koji se sastoji od izbora jezika korištenog za opisivanje opažanja.<ref name =Pontriagin>In very general terms, a coordinate system is a set of arcs ''x''ⁱ = ''x''ⁱ (''t'') in a complex [[Lie group]]; see {{cite book |author=Lev Semenovich Pontri͡agin |title=L.S. Pontryagin: Selected Works Vol. 2: Topological Groups |page= 429 |year= 1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JU0DT_wXu2oC&pg=PA429&dq=algebra+%22coordinate+system%22 |isbn=2-88124-133-6 |publisher=Gordon and Breach|edition=3rd }}. Less abstractly, a coordinate system in a space of n-dimensions is defined in terms of a basis set of vectors {'''e'''₁, '''e'''₂,… '''e'''_n}; see {{cite book |title=Linear Algebra: A Geometric Approach |author1=Edoardo Sernesi |author2=J. Montaldi |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dZOuFo1QYMC&pg=PA95&dq=algebra+%22coordinate+system%22|isbn=0-412-40680-2 |year=1993 |publisher=CRC Press}} As such, the coordinate system is a mathematical construct, a language, that may be related to motion, but has no necessary connection to motion.</ref> Shodno tome, posmatrač u posmatračkom okviru može izabrati da koristi bilo koji koordinatni sistem (kartezijanski, polarni, krivolinijski, generalizovani ...) da bi opisao zapažanja sagledana iz tog referentnog okvira. Promena izbora ovog koordinatnog sistema ne menja posmatračevo stanje kretanja, i ne podrazumeva promenu u referentnom okviru posmatrača. Ovo gledište se može naći i drugde.<ref name="Johansson">{{cite book |title=Unification of Classical, Quantum and Relativistic Mechanics and of the Four Forces |author1=J X Zheng-Johansson |author2=Per-Ivar Johansson |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1FU37uru6QC&pg=PA13&dq=frame+coordinate+johansson|isbn=1-59454-260-0 |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2006}}</ref> Neosporno je da su neki koordinatni sistemi bolji izbor za neka zapažanja od drugih.

Brading i Kastelani su diskusiju odveli izvan jednostavnih sistemsko-vremenskih koordinatnih sistema.<ref name="Brading">{{cite book |title=Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections |author1=Katherine Brading |author2=Elena Castellani |page=417 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnmBN64cAdYC&pg=PA417&dq=%22idea+of+a+reference+frame%22 |isbn=0-521-82137-1 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}{{Мртва веза}}</ref> Proširenje na koordinatne sisteme koristeći generalizovane koordinate u osnovi je [[Хамилтонов принцип|Hamiltonskih]] i [[Lagrangian mechanics|Lagranžovih]] formulacija<ref name="Johns">{{cite book |title=Analytical Mechanics for Relativity and Quantum Mechanics |page=Chapter 16 |author=Oliver Davis Johns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNuM9YDN8CIC&pg=PA318&dq=coordinate+observer#PPA276,M1 |isbn=0-19-856726-X |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |nopp=true }}</ref> [[quantum field theory|kvantne teorije polja]], [[Класична механика|klasične relativističke mehanike]] i [[Quantum gravity|kvantne gravitacije]].<ref name="Greenwood">{{cite book |title=Classical dynamics |author=Donald T Greenwood |page=313 |year=1997 |edition=Reprint of 1977 edition by Prentice-Hall |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7rj83I98yMC&pg=RA2-PA314&dq=%22relativistic+%22+Lagrangian+OR+Hamiltonian#PRA2-PA313,M1 |isbn=0-486-69690-1 }}</ref><ref name="Trump">{{cite book |title=Classical Relativistic Many-Body Dynamics |author1=Matthew A. Trump |author2=W. C. Schieve |page= 99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2yfLOp0IzwC&pg=PA99&dq=relativity+%22generalized+coordinates%22#PPA99,M1

|year=1999 |publisher=Springer |isbn= 0-7923-5737-X }}</ref><ref name="Kompaneyets">{{cite book |author=A S Kompaneyets |title=Theoretical Physics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ2gBrL5T4YC&pg=PA118&dq=relativity+%22generalized+coordinates%22|page=118 |isbn=0-486-49532-9 |year=2003 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |edition=Reprint of the 1962 2nd }}</ref><ref name="Srednicki">{{cite book |title=Quantum Field Theory |page= Chapter 4|author=M Srednicki |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86449-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OepxIG42B4C&pg=PA266&dq=isbn=9780521864497#PPA31,M1 |nopp=true }}</ref><ref name="Rovelli">{{cite book |title=Quantum Gravity |author=Carlo Rovelli |page= 98 ff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrAzTmXdssQC&pg=PA179&dq=%22relativistic+%22+Lagrangian+OR+Hamiltonian#PPA98,M1 |isbn=0-521-83733-2 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>