Логистика — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Војно снабдевање и одржавање}}{{rut}}
'''Логистика''' представља целокупан процес планирања, обезбеђења, контроле и евиденције снабдевања и збрињавања материјалним средствима (интендантска и техничка служба), организације [[транспорт]]а ([[саобраћај]]на служба), хоспитализације људства (санитетска служба), рада и одржавања постројења оружаних снага ([[војска|војна]] индустрија, ратна привреда). ▼
[[File:Red Ball Express Regulating Point.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Trucks of the [[Red Ball Express]], organized to supply [[World War II allies|Allied]] forces in France after break-out from the [[D-Day]] beaches, moving through a regulating point, 1944]]
▲'''Логистика''' представља целокупан процес планирања, обезбеђења, контроле и евиденције снабдевања и збрињавања материјалним средствима (интендантска и техничка служба), организације [[транспорт]]а ([[саобраћај]]на служба), хоспитализације људства (санитетска служба), рада и одржавања постројења оружаних снага ([[војска|војна]] индустрија, ратна привреда). Разликују се: потрошачка логистика, која се бави снабдевањем трупа на бојишту, и произвођачка логистика, која ставља нагласак на производњу и набавку војних потреба. In its most comprehensive sense, it is those aspects or military operations that deal with:<ref>AAP-6 2009, ''NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions.''</ref>
* Design, development, [[Military acquisition|acquisition]], storage, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of [[materiel]].
* Transport of personnel.
* Acquisition or construction, maintenance, [[operations (military staff)|operation]], and disposition of facilities.
* Acquisition or furnishing of services.
* Medical and health service support.
== Историја ==
[[File:Moteursfig20.png|thumb|250px|Baggage mules in Roman army {{circa}} 100 AD, depicted on [[Trajan's Column]]]]
The word "logistics" is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] adjective ''logistikos'' meaning "skilled in calculating". The first [[public administration|administrative]] use of the word was in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times when there was a military administrative official with the title ''Logista''. At that time, the word apparently implied a skill involved in numerical computations.
Historically supplies for an army were first acquired by foraging or looting, especially in the case of food and [[fodder]], although if traveling through a desolated region or staying in one place for too long resources could quickly be exhausted. A second method was for the army to bring along what was needed, whether by ships, pack animals, wagons or carried on the backs of the soldiers themselves. This allowed the army some measure of self-sufficiency, and up through to the 19th century most of the [[ammunition]] a soldier needed for an entire campaign could be carried on their person. However, this method led to an extensive [[Train (military)|baggage train]] which could slow down the army's advance and the development of faster-firing weapons soon outpaced an army's ability to supply itself. Starting with the [[Industrial Revolution]] new technological, technical and administrative advances led to a third method, that of maintaining supplies in a [[rear (military)|rear area]] and transporting them to the [[front (military)|front]]. This led to a "logistical revolution" which began in the 20th century and drastically improved the capabilities of modern armies while making them highly dependent on this new system.<ref>Kress, pp. 10–11</ref><ref>For a concise global history see Earl J. Hess, ''Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation'' (2017) ch 1</ref>
=== 5th to 15th century ===
[[File:.Tapisserie de Bayeux 1066 1082 Chariot avec du vin et des armes.jpg|thumb|250px|Military supply transport of arms and wine for the [[Norman Invasion]], 1066, from the [[Bayeux Tapestry]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reframing Medieval Art: Difference, Margins, Boundaries|last=Caviness|first=Madeline H.|publisher=Tufts University|year=2001|location=Medford, MA|via=http://dca.lib.tufts.edu/caviness/}}; {{Cite journal|last=Koslin|first=Desirée|year=1990|title=Turning Time in the Bayeux Embroidery|journal=Textile & Text|volume=13|pages=28–29}}; {{Cite book|title=La tapisserie de Bayeux|last=Bertrand|first=Simone|publisher=Zodiaque|year=1966|location=La Pierre-qui-Vire|page=23|quote=et combien pauvre alors ce nom de broderie nous apparaît-il!}}</ref>]]
[[File:Plundering van Aalst, fantasie voorstelling - Aalst - 20318282 - RCE.jpg|thumb|250px|Depiction of soldiers pillaging a town, carrying away their loot by the barrow-load, 14th century]]
The [[De re militari]], written by [[Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus]] in the late 4th-century, is an authoritative text which Illuminates the logistics, strategies and tactics, as well as the training regimen for soldiers at the end of the Roman Empire, some of which was maintained and modified throughout the medieval period. It became used widely as a military guide during the medieval period and demonstrates the medieval inheritance and adaptation of the Roman military infrastructure.
One of the most significant changes in military organization after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century was the shift from a centrally organized army to a combination of military forces made up of local troops. According to the [[De ordine palatii]]—composed in the late 9th century as a reflection of the organization of courts under [[Louis III of France]] and [[Carloman II]]—local troops often worked within the household during peace time and were provided food and drink from the high officials in the house. The magnates of the households drew upon their own resources for their men, and during [[Charlemagne]]'s reign and the reign of the [[Ottonian dynasty]] in Germany, some heads of house built permanent storages and dwellings to house men or supplies.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bachrach|first1=Bernard S.|title=Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400-c.1453|last2=Bachrach|first2=David S.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138887664|location=Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=Military Logistics: Food and Fodder in Peace Time}}</ref>
While on campaign, soldiers through the medieval period (the 5th to 15th century in Europe) were responsible for supplying themselves, either through foraging, looting (more common during sieges), or purchases from markets along the campaign route. Even so, military commanders often provided their troops with food and supplies, but this would be provided in lieu of the soldiers' wages if they worked within the king's household, or soldiers would be expected to pay for it from their wages if they did not work in the king's household, either at cost or even with a profit.<ref name="AbelsRichard">{{cite web
| url = https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh381/Medieval%20Logistics.htm
| title = War in the Middle Ages: Medieval Logistics – English Experience
| last = Abels, Richard
| author-link = Abels, Richard
| publisher = [[United States Naval Academy]]
| access-date = 3 October 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160413140254/http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh381/Medieval%20Logistics.htm
| archive-date = 13 April 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
Some early governments, such as the Carolingians in 8th century, required soldiers to supply their own food for three months, but would feed soldiers thereafter for free if the campaign or siege was ongoing. Later, during the German civil war in the early 1070s, Saxon soldiers were required to bring supplies enough for the entire campaign.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bachrach|first1=Bernard S.|title=Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400-c.1453|last2=Bachrach|first2=David S.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138887664|location=Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=Military Logistics: Supplies Carried by Militia Troops}}</ref>
As for food transportation for soldiers and the beasts which accompanied the army on the campaigns, approximately 2,500 kilograms of food supplies were needed for the soldiers, roughly 9,000 kilograms of food for horses, and 19,000 kilograms (nearly 1/2 of which was grain) was needed for other [[beasts of burden]] (donkeys and oxen, for example) per day.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bachrach|first1=David S.|title=Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400-c.1453|last2=Bachrach|first2=David S.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138887664|location=Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=The Material Reality of Logistics}}</ref> Commanders could also bring along herds of cattle to provide their men with fresh meat while traveling. A herd of roughly 1,000 cattle could feed 14,000 or so men for roughly ten days.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bachrach|first1=Bernard S.|title=Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400-c.1453|last2=Bachrach|first2=David S.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138887664|location=Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=Military Logistics: Carrying Food Supplies}}</ref>
== Види још ==
* [[Управљање ланцем снабдевања]]
* -{[[Cross-docking]]}-
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Engels, Donald W. (1980). ''Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army'', University of California Press (194 pages). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMWqRokCZ4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false online]
* Hess, Earl J. ''Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation'' (2017) [http://www.miwsr.com/2018-035.aspx online review]
Линија 20 ⟶ 60:
* R.G. Poluha: ''The Quintessence of Supply Chain Management: What You Really Need to Know to Manage Your Processes in Procurement, Manufacturing, Warehousing, and Logistics (Quintessence Series)''. First Edition. Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-662-48513-2}}
* Preclík Vratislav: Průmyslová logistika (Industrial logistics), 359 p., {{ISBN|80-01-03449-6}}, First issue Nakladatelství ČVUT v Praze, 2006, pp. 7 - 50, 63 - 73, 75 - 85, 123 - 347, Prague 2006
* {{cite book | last = Creveld | first = Martin van |author-link= Martin van Creveld | title = Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 0-521-21730-X}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=x6zCMnmr8-EC&redir_esc=y online]
* {{cite book | last = Dupuy | first = R. Ernest |author2=Trevor N. Dupuy | title = The Encyclopedia of Military History | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmi00dupu | url-access = registration |edition= revised | year = 1970 | location = New York | publisher = [[Harper & Row]] | isbn = 0-06-011139-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Eccles | first = Henry E. | author-link= Henry E. Eccles | title = Logistics in the National Defense | year = 1959 | location = Harrisburg, Penn. | publisher = Stackpole Company | isbn = 0-313-22716-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Gropman, Alan |title=The big 'L' : American logistics in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSeJJDfj140C&pg=PA265|year=1997|publisher= National Defense University Press|pages=265–92|isbn=978-1428981355}}, Detailed overview. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/BigL/ online free]
* {{cite book | last = Kress| first = Moshe | title = Operational Logistics: The Art and Science of Sustaining Military Operations | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] | isbn = 1-4020-7084-5}}
* Leighton, Richard M. and Robert W. Coakley. '' United States Army in World War II: War Department, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940–1943'' (1955), The highly detailed official history. [https://archive.org/details/globallogisticss00leig online free]
* {{cite journal |last1=McMahon |first1=Lucas |title=Logistical modelling of a sea-borne expedition in the Mediterranean: the case of the Byzantine invasion of Crete in AD 960 |journal=Mediterranean Historical Review |date=2021 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=63–94 |doi=10.1080/09518967.2021.1900171|s2cid= }}
* McGee, William L. and Sandra McGee. ''Pacific Express: The Critical Role of Military Logistics in World War II'' (2009)
* {{cite book|last=Schneid|first=Frederick|title=Napoleon's Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition|place=Westport|publisher=Praeger|year=2005|isbn=0-275-98096-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsconques00fred}}
* For Early and Late Medieval Military Logistics:
**Carroll Gillmor, ‘Naval Logistics of the Cross-Channel Operation, 1066’ in Anglo-Norman Studies 7 (1985), 221–243.
**Richard Abels, ‘The Costs and Consequences of Anglo-Saxon Civil Defense, 878–1066’ in Landscapes of Defense in Early Medieval Europe , ed. John Baker, Stuart Brookes, and Andrew Reynolds (Turnhout, 2013), 195–222.
**Bernard S. Bachrach, ‘Logistics in Pre-Crusade Europe’ in Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present , ed. John A. Lynn (Boulder, 1993), 57–78.
**Bernard S. Bachrach, ‘Animals and Warfare in Early Medieval Europe’ in Set-timane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull’alto Medioevo 31 (Spoleto, 1985), 707–764.
**David S. Bachrach, ‘Military Logistics in the Reign of Edward I of England, 1272–1307’ in War and Society 13 (2006), 421–438.
**Michael Prestwich, ‘Victualling Estimates for English Garrisons in Scotland during the Early Fourteenth Century’ in The English Historical Review 82 (1967), 536–543.
**Yuval Noah Harari, ‘Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth-Century Western European Invasion Campaigns’ in The Journal of Military History 64 (2000), 297–333.
* {{cite book |last=Ohl |first= John Kennedy |title=Supplying the Troops: General Somervell and American Logistics in World War II |publisher=Northern Illinois Press |location= [[DeKalb, Illinois]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-87580-185-4 }} Biography of [[Brehon B. Somervell]], head of the [[United States Army]]'s [[Army Service Forces]] during [[World War II]].
* Prebilič, Vladimir. "Theoretical aspects of military logistics". ''Defense and Security Analysis'', June 2006, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp. 159–77.
* {{cite book |title= Pure Logistics: The Science of War Preparation |last=Thorpe |first=George C. |author-link=George C. Thorpe |year=1917 |publisher=Franklin Hudson Pub. Co |location=Kansas City, Mo. |oclc=6109722 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRg9AAAAYAAJ }}
** {{cite book |title= George C. Thorpe's Pure Logistics: The Science of War Preparation |last=Thorpe |first=George C. |author-mask=2 |others= Stanley L. Falk (introduction) |year= 1986 |orig-year= 1917 |publisher= National Defense University Press |location= Washington, D.C.}}
** {{cite book |title= George C. Thorpe's Pure Logistics: The Science of War Preparation |last=Thorpe |first=George C. |author-mask=2 |year= 1997 |orig-year= 1917 |publisher= Naval War College Press |location= Newport, R.I. }}
** {{cite book |title= Pure Logistics: The Science of War Preparation |last=Thorpe |first=George C. |author-mask=2 |year= 2002 |orig-year= 1917 |publisher= University Press of the Pacific |location= Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn= 0-89875-732-0 }}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Military logistics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Логистика|*]]
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