Патка — разлика између измена
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Ред 1:
{{short description|Уобичајено име за многе врсте птица}}
{{Друге употребе|Пловка}}
{{Друге употребе|Новинска патка{{!}}Патка (медији)}}
Линија 10 ⟶ 11:
'''Патка''' је општи назив за велики број врста птица из фамилије -{[[Anatidae]]}- која укључује и [[лабудови|лабудове]] и [[гуска|гуске]]. Патке су подељење у више подфамилија у оквиру фамилије -{Anatidae}-, оне нису монофилична група (група потомака која има једног заједничког претка) већ чине таксон пошто се лабудови и гуске не сматрају паткама. Патке су углавном [[водене птице]] углавном мање од лабудова и гуски и могу се наћи у речним и морским водама.
== Таксономија ==
{{rut}}
All ducks belong to the [[order (biology)|biological order]] [[Anseriformes]], a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [[screamer]]s, and the [[magpie goose]].{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} All except the screamers belong to the [[family (biology)|biological family]] [[Anatidae]].{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} Some base their decisions on [[morphology (biology)|morphological characteristics]], others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.{{sfn|Livezey|1986|pp=737–738}}{{sfn|Madsen|McHugh|de Kloet|1988|p=452}} The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.{{sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=353–354}}{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The significant level of [[hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}}
[[File:Mallard drake .02.jpg|thumbnail|[[Mallard]] landing in approach]]
In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.{{sfn|Elphick|Dunning, Jr.|Sibley|2001|p=191}} The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks - named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=448}} The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=622–623}} The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=686}} The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.{{sfn|Elphick|Dunning, Jr.|Sibley|2001|p=193}}
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [[whistling duck]]s are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}}{{sfn|American Ornithologists' Union|1998|p=xix}} The [[freckled duck]] of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The [[shelduck]]s make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,{{sfn|American Ornithologists' Union|1998}} while the [[steamer duck]]s are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The [[perching duck]]s make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=540}} The [[torrent duck]] is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=538}} The [[pink-eared duck]] is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}} or the tribe Malacorhynchini,{{sfn|Christidis|Boles|2008|p=62}} and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=537}}
== Распрострањеност и станиште ==
[[File:Last day in Ushuaia, Argentina.Flying Steamer-Ducks (Tachyeres patachonicus) in various artistic settings.Harbour silhouettes. (25921897721).jpg|thumb|[[Flying steamer ducks]] in [[Ushuaia]], Argentina]]
Ducks have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], and are found on every continent except Antarctica.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=536}} Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] and the [[Auckland Islands]].{{sfn|Shirihai|2002|pp=239, 245}} Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [[Hawaiian Islands]], [[Micronesia]] and the [[Galápagos Islands]], where they are often {{birdgloss|vagrants}} and less often {{birdgloss|residents}}.{{sfn|Pratt|Bruner|Berrett|1987|pp=98-107}}{{sfn|Fitter|Fitter|Hosking|2000|pp=52–3}} A handful are [[endemic]] to such far-flung islands.{{sfn|Pratt|Bruner|Berrett|1987|pp=98-107}}
[[File:Female Mallard at Menacuddle Well.jpg|alt=A brown duck in a fast-flowing stream|thumb|Female mallard in [[Cornwall]], [[United Kingdom|UK]].]]
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html|title=Pacific Black Duck|website=www.wiresnr.org|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>
== Однос са људима ==
=== Лов ===
{{main article|Лов на водене птице}}
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [[midden]]s in California dating to 7800 - 6400 [[Before present|BP]] have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.{{sfn|Erlandson|1994|p=171}} Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [[Holocene]] inhabitants of the lower [[Ohio River]] valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.{{sfn|Jeffries|2008|pp=168, 243}} Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,{{sfn|Sued-Badillo|2003|p=65}} Scandinavia,{{sfn|Thorpe|1996|p=68}} Egypt,{{sfn|Maisels|1999|p=42}} Switzerland,{{sfn|Rau|1876|p=133}} and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.{{sfn|Higman|2012|p=23}} Archeological evidence shows that [[Māori people]] in New Zealand hunted the flightless [[Finsch's duck]], possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.{{sfn|Hume|2012|p=53}} A similar end awaited the [[Chatham duck]], a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.{{sfn|Hume|2012|p=52}} It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.{{sfn|Sued-Badillo|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2002|p=167}}
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport|title=Guide to Edible Plants and Animals|last=Livingston|first=A. D.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Wordsworth Editions, Limited|isbn=9781853263774|language=en}}</ref> by shooting, or formerly by being trapped using [[Duck decoy (structure)|duck decoys]]. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [[Duck (food)#Pollution|contaminated by pollutants]] such as [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf |website=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |publisher=US Department of Commerce |access-date=2 July 2019 |page=3 |language=en |date=December 2008}}</ref>
=== Доместикација ===
{{main article|Доместикација патке}}
[[File:Tunnel of ducks.jpg|thumb|[[American Pekin duck]]s, a common breed of domestic ducks]]
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [[down feather|down]]). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL|title=FAOSTAT|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [[mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos''), apart from the [[Muscovy duck]] (''Cairina moschata'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/ |title=Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin |publisher=Digimorph.org |access-date=2012-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Sy Montgomery |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard |title=Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-12-23}}</ref> The call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness World Records|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2014|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135 135]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135}}</ref>
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=American Ornithologists' Union |title=Checklist of North American Birds |year=1998 |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-891276-00-2 |url=https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Carboneras |first=Carlos |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks |year=1992 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-87334-10-8}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Christidis |editor1-first=Les |editor2-last=Boles |editor2-first=Walter E. |year=2008 |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds |publisher=Csiro Publishing |location=Collingwood, VIC |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Donne-Goussé |first1=Carole |last2= Laudet |first2=Vincent |last3=Hänni |first3=Catherine |title=A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2002 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2|pmid=12099792 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Elphick |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Dunning, Jr. |editor2-first=John B. |editor3-last=Sibley |editor3-first=David |title=The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour |year=2001 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-6250-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Erlandson |first=Jon M. |title=Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast |year=1994 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4419-3231-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171}}
* {{cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=Paul |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions |volume=I: A–K |year=2002 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fitter |first1=Julian |last2=Fitter |first2=Daniel |last3=Hosking |first3=David |title=Wildlife of the Galápagos |year=2000 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-10295-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Higman |first=B. W. |title=How Food Made History |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester, UK |isbn=978-1-4051-8947-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801}}
* {{cite book |last=Hume |first=Julian H. |title=Extinct Birds |year=2012 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4729-3744-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53}}
* {{cite book |last=Jeffries |first=Richard |title=Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley |year=2008 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=978-0-8173-1658-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kear |editor-first=Janet |title=Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (''Cairina'' to ''Mergus'') |series=Bird Families of the World |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-861009-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Livezey |first=Bradley C. |title=A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters |journal=The Auk |date=October 1986 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=737–754 |doi=10.1093/auk/103.4.737 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=Cort S. |last2=McHugh |first2=Kevin P. |last3=de Kloet |first3=Siwo R. |title=A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA |date=July 1988 |journal=The Auk |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=452–459 |doi=10.1093/auk/105.3.452 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Maisels |first=Charles Keith |title=Early Civilizations of the Old World |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-10975-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=H. Douglas |last2=Bruner |first2=Phillip L. |last3=Berrett |first3=Delwyn G. |title=A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-691-02399-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Rau |first=Charles |title=Early Man in Europe |year=1876 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |lccn=05040168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133}}
* {{cite book |last=Shirihai |first=Hadoram |title=A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife |year=2002 |publisher=Alula Press |location=Degerby, Finland |isbn=951-98947-0-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Sued-Badillo |first=Jalil |series=General History of the Caribbean |title=Autochthonous Societies |year=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-103832-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65}}
* {{cite book |last=Thorpe |first=I. J. |title=The Origins of Agriculture in Europe |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-08009-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q3736439|wikt=duck|c=Anatidae|n=no|b=Cookbook:Duck|q=Birds|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=Anatidae}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm list of books] (useful looking abstracts)
* [http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html Ducks on postage stamps]
* {{gutenberg|no=18884|name=Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines}} - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
{{нормативна контрола}}
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